Computers, Materials & Continua DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.017378 | [picture]
Article |

Impact of Magnetic Field on a Peristaltic Flow with Heat Transfer of a Fractional Maxwell Fluid in a Tube

Hanan S. Gafel*

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Saudi Arabia
Corresponding Author: Hanan S. Gafel. Email: h.gafel@tu.edu.sa
Received: 28 January 2021; Accepted: 13 April 2021

Abstract: Magnetic field and the fractional Maxwell fluids’ impacts on peristaltic flows within a circular cylinder tube with heat transfer was evaluated while assuming that they are preset with a low-Reynolds number and a long wavelength. Utilizing, the fractional calculus method, the problem was solved analytically. It was deduced for temperature, axial velocity, tangential stress, and heat transfer coefficient. Many emerging parameters and their effects on the aspects of the flow were illustrated, and the outcomes were expressed via graphs. A special focus was dedicated to some criteria, such as the wave amplitude's effect, Hartman and Grashof numbers, radius and relaxation–retardation ratios, and heat source, which were under discussions on the axial velocity, tangential stress, heat transfer, and temperature coefficients across one wavelength. Multiple graphs of physical interest were provided. The outcomes state that the effect of the criteria mentioned beforehand (the Hartman and Grashof numbers, wave amplitude, radius ratio, heat source, and relaxation–retardation ratio) were quite evident.

Keywords: Peristaltic flow; fractional maxwell fluid; mass and heat transfer; magneto-hydrodynamic flow

Nomenclature

R1¯,R2¯ | Shapes of the wavy walls
a1,a2 | Radius of inner and outer tubes
b | Amplitude of waves
λ | Wavelength
c | Wave speed
t¯ | Time in fixed frame
t | Time within wave frame
λ1¯ | Relaxation time
α1 | Fractional time derivative parameter
γ. | Rate of shear strain
U¯,W¯ | Velocity constituents within the radial, axial directions within the fixed frame
u¯,w¯ | Velocity constituents within the radial, axial directions within the wave frame
P¯ | Pressure in a fixed frame
p¯ | Pressure within wave frame
σ | Fluid electrical conductivity
Bo | Intensity of external magnetic field
ρ | Constant density
g | Acceleration because of gravity
α | Coefficient linear of thermal expansion
cp | Specific heat
K | Thermal conductivity
QO | Heat generation coefficient
φ | Wave amplitude in non-dimensional form
ε | Radius ratio
θ | Temperature distribution
To,T1 | Temperature of inner and outer surface
δ | Wave number
μ | Fluid Viscosity
M | Hartmann number
Re | Reynolds number
Pr | Prandtl number
Gr | Grashof number
β | Heat source/sink parameter

1  Introduction

The method of inserting fluids within tubes if a progressive wave of expanded or contradicted area circulates along the boundary's length of a distensible tube that contains fluid is known as peristaltic transport. Physiologically, blood flow or peristalsis is the key application of this mechanism. Saqib et al. [1] evaluated the heat transfer in an MHD flow of Maxwell fluid through emulating a fractional Cattaneo-Friedrich system. Alotaibi et al. [2] handled numerically the MHD flow of Casson nanofluid by convectively heating a nonlinear extending surface with the impacts of injection/suction and viscous dissipation. Crespo et al. [3] discussed the dynamic particles–generated boundary parameters in SPH methods. Khan et al. [4] assessed the heat transfer and MHD flow within a sodium alginate fluid with the impacts of thermal radiation and porosity. While subject to a radially varying magnetic field, the authors of [5] illustrated a Jeffery fluid's peristaltic flow within a tube having an endoscope. Zhao [6] explained the flow of the axisymmetric convection of a fractional Maxwell fluid past a vertical cylinder in the presence of temperature jump and velocity slip. The authors of [7] stated the impacts of the endoscope and the magnetic field on the peristalsis involving a Jeffrey fluid. Rachid [8] examined the effect of the endoscope and heat transfer on a fractional Maxwell fluid's peristaltic flow within a vertical tube. The authors of [9] assessed a long-wavelength peristaltic flow within a tube with an endoscope affected by the magnetic field. Nadeem et al. [10] argued heat transfer's effect in a peristaltic transport with variable viscosity. Novel movements of fractional modeling, as well as mass and heat transfer exploration of (MWCNTs and SWCNTs) in nanofluids flow that is based on CMC over an inclined plate with generalized boundary parameters were assessed by Asjad et al. [11]. Hussain et al. [12] evaluated the heat transfer in a peristaltic flow of MHD Jeffrey fluid in the presence of heat conduction. Mainardi and Spada [13] exhibited the viscosity and relaxation aspects of basic fractional models in theology. Within an asymmetric channel, Mishra and Rao [14] applied a peristaltic transport of a Newtonian fluid. The instable rotating flow of a viscoelastic fluid in the presence of the fractional Maxwell fluid system among coaxial cylinders was explored by Qi and Jin [15]. The impact of the second-order slip and heat transfer on the MHD flow of a fractional Maxwell fluid within a porous medium was depicted by Amana et al. [16]. Ali et al. [17] scrutinized magnetic field's impacts on a Casson fluid and blood flow in an axisymmetric cylindrical tube. Haque et al. [18] analyzed a computational method for the unsteady flow of a Maxwell fluid that has Caputo fractional derivatives. Carrera et al. [19] delivered a fractional-order Maxwell fluid system concerning non-Newtonian fluids. Johnson and Quigley [20] described a viscosity peristaltic Maxwell fluid model for rubber's viscoelasticity. Tripathi et al. [21] presented transporting the viscoelastic fluid with the fractional Maxwell system through peristalsis within a channel affected by long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. Dharmendra Tripathi [22] devoted studying the peristaltic transportation of viscoelastic non-Newtonian fluids in the presence of a fractional Maxwell system in the channel. In [23], the electro-osmotic peristaltic flow of a viscoelastic fluid through a cylindrical micro-channel was premeditated. The authors of [24] identified the impacts of initial stress and rotation on peristaltic transportation of fourth-grade fluid with the induction of the magnetic field and heat transfer. Also, Alla et al. [25] studied the impact of the initial stress, magnetic field, and rotation on the peristaltic motion of the micropolar fluid. Several hypotheses of this type of context have been made and attempted by many practitioners and researchers ([26–30]).

Using the fractional Maxwell model, the study aims to explore analytically the impact of heat transfer on the peristaltic flow of a viscoelastic fluid in the gap between two coaxial vertical tubes. It generalizes the two-dimensional equations of heat and motion transfer assuming having low Reynolds numbers and a long wavelength. Regarding solving the reduced equations numerically and analytically, the wave shape is found. The related parameters are defined pictorially in the problem. The collected results are shown and graphically discussed. The results discussed in this paper are valuable for physicists, engineers, and people involved in developing fluid mechanics. It is also expected that the various possible fluid mechanic flow parameters for the peristaltic Jeffrey fluids will serve as similarly good theoretical estimates.

2  Formulation of the Problem

Take the MHD peristaltic flow through uniform coaxial tubes of a viscoelastic fluid in the presence of the fractional Maxwell fluid model. A constant magnetic field Bo applies transversely to the flow when electrical conductivity exists. Flow configuration is presented in Fig. 1. The inner tube is considered, with a sinusoidal wave traveling down its outer tube wall. The outer and inner tube temperatures are T1 and T0, respectively. We picked a cylindrical coordinate system R¯ and Z¯. The equations for the tube walls in the dimensional form, as follows

R1¯=a1(1)

R2¯=a2+b(sin⁡2πλ(Z¯−ct¯))(2)

Figure 1: Schematic of the problem

The equation of the fractional Maxwell fluid takes the form

(1+λ1¯α1D~t¯α1)S¯=μγ.(3)

where (0≤α1≤1).

The following equation defines the upper convected fractional derivative D~t¯α1

D~t¯α1(S¯)=Dt¯α1(S¯)+(V¯.∇)(S¯)−L¯(S¯)−(S¯)L¯T(4)

In which

γ.=(∇V¯)+(∇V¯)T(5)

Also, note that Dt¯α1=∂t¯α1, denoting the α1-order fractional differentiation operator concerning t takes the following form:

Dt¯α1f(t)=1Γ(1−α1)ddt∫0tf(ξ)(t−ξ)α1dξ,0≤α1≤1.(6)

In this function, Γ(.) represents the gamma function.

The expression of f is as follows:

f(t)=1+λ1αt−αΓ(1−α1)(6a)

The following equations represent the flow's governing motion equations for an incompressible fluid within the fixed frame (Fig. 1):

ρ(∂∂t¯+U¯∂∂R¯+W¯∂∂Z¯)U¯=−∂p¯∂R¯+1R¯∂∂R¯(R¯S¯R¯R¯)+∂∂Z¯(S¯R¯Z¯)−S¯θ¯θ¯R¯(7)

ρ(∂∂t¯+U¯∂∂R¯+W¯∂∂Z¯)W¯=−∂p¯∂Z¯+1R¯∂∂R¯(R¯S¯R¯Z¯)+∂∂Z¯(S¯Z¯Z¯)+ρgα(T¯−To)−σBo2W¯(8)

ρCp(∂∂t¯+U¯∂∂R¯+W¯∂∂Z¯)T¯=K(∂2∂R¯2+1R¯∂∂R¯+∂2∂Z¯2)T¯+Qo(9)

∂U¯∂R¯+U¯R¯+∂W¯∂Z¯=0(10)

The fixed frame (R¯,Z)¯ has an unsteady flow between the two tubes but grows into a steady flow within a wave frame (r¯,z¯) which moves at the same speed of a wave in the Z¯ direction.

The transformations among the two frames take the following forms:

r¯=R¯,z¯=Z¯−ct¯(11)

u¯=U¯,w¯=W¯−c(12)

The following form shows the applicable boundary settings within the wave frame:

w¯=−c,u¯=0atr¯=r1¯(13)

w¯=−catr¯=r2¯+bsin⁡(2πλz¯)(14)

T¯=T1¯atr¯=r1¯(15)

T¯=T0¯atr¯=r2¯(16)

The following equations represent the motion's governing equations of the movement of the incompressible fluid within the wave frame

ρ(u¯∂∂r¯+(w¯+c)∂∂z¯)u¯=−∂p¯∂r¯+1r¯∂∂r(r¯S¯r¯r¯)+∂∂z¯(Sr¯z¯)−S¯θ¯θ¯r¯(17)

ρ(u¯∂∂r¯+(w¯+c)∂∂z¯)w¯=−∂p¯∂z¯+1r¯∂∂r¯(r¯S¯r¯z¯)+∂∂z¯(S¯Z¯Z¯)+ρgα(T¯−To)−σBo2(w¯+c)(18)

ρCp(u¯∂∂r¯+(w¯+c)∂∂z¯)T¯=K(∂2∂r¯2+1r∂∂r¯+∂2∂z¯2)T¯+Qo(19)

∂u¯∂r¯+u¯r¯+∂w¯∂z¯=0(20)

The extra stress S¯ relies on r and t only. When utilizing the initial setting S¯(t¯=0), the yield was S¯r¯r¯=S¯θ¯θ¯=S¯z¯z¯=S¯r¯θ¯=0 and

(1+λ1¯α1∂α1∂t¯α1)S¯r¯z¯=μ∂(w¯+c)∂r¯(21)

To do more analyses, the authors introduced these dimensionless parameters:

r=r¯a2,z=z¯λ,t=ct¯λ,u=u¯cδ,w=w¯c,λ1=cλ1¯λ,p=a22p¯cλμ,δ=a2λ,θ=T¯−T0T1−T0,Pr=μCPK,Re=ρca2μ,Gr=ρgα(T1−To)a22μc,M=σμB0a2,S=a2S¯μc,r1=r1¯a2=ε<1,r2=r2¯a2=1+φsin⁡(2πz),(22)

where (φ=ba2<1) is the wave amplitude.

3  Solution of the Problem

Regarding the above-mentioned modifications and nondimensional variables (22), the preceding equations are reduced to

Reδ3(u∂∂r+(w+1)∂∂z)u=−∂p∂r+δr∂∂r(rSrr)+δ2∂∂z(Srz)−δ(Sθθr)(23)

Reδ(u∂∂r+(w+1)∂∂z)w=−∂p∂z+1r∂∂r(rSrz)+δ∂∂z(Szz)+Grθ−M2(w+1)(24)

RePrδ(u∂∂r+(w+1)∂∂z)θ=(∂2∂r2+1r∂∂r+δ2∂2∂z2)θ+β(25)

∂u∂r+ur+∂w∂z=0(26)

With boundary settings

w=−1,u=0atr=r1=ε(27)

w=−1atr=r2=1+φsin⁡(2πz)(28)

θ=1atr=r1(29)

θ=0atr=r2(30)

4  The Analytical Solution

Utilizing the aforementioned nondimensional quantities while assuming having long wavelengths approximation and low Reynolds numbers, the equations of motion are

−∂p∂r=0(31)

f[dpdz−Grθ+M2(w+1)]=(∂2w∂r2+1r∂w∂r)(32)

∂2θ∂r2+1r∂θ∂r+β=0(33)

where, from Eq. (31), we conclude that p is independent of r, which depends on z only.

The solutions of Eqs. (24) and (25) limited by (27)–(30) are

w=4c2+4c1log⁡(r)+f×[dpdzr2+M2r2−Gr[r2(log⁡(rr2)−1)log⁡(εr2)+β4(ε2r2(log⁡(rr2)−1)−r22r2(log⁡(rε)−1)log⁡(εr2))−β16r4]/[4−fM2r2](34)

f=(1+λ1α1Dtα1),A=−4−f×[dpdzε2+Gr(ε2(log(εr2)−1)log(εr2)+β4(ε4(log(εr2)−1)+ε2r22)log(εr2))−β16ε4)],B=−4−f×[dpdzr22+Gr(−r22log(εr2)+β4(−ε2r22−r24(log(r2ε)−1)log(εr2))−β16r24)],C1=A−B4log(εr2),C2=Blog(ε)−Alog(r2)4log(εr2).(35)

The following formula expresses the heat transfer coefficient

Zr=∂θ∂r×∂r2∂z(37)

So, The solution of heat transfer is given by

Zr=[−rβ2+1rlog⁡(r1r2)+(r12r−r22r)β4log⁡(r1r2)]×[2φπcos⁡(2πz)](38)

5  Numerical Results and Discussion

For analyzing the performance of solutions, numerical calculation of numerous values of the fractional Maxwell fluid, wave amplitude φ, the Hartman number M, heat source β, and relaxation–retardation ratio λ1, radius ratio ε, and Grashof number Gr were conducted. The axial velocity is plotted against z in Fig. 2 concerning various values of α1,M,φ, and λ1. Note that that axial velocity decreases when increasing the fractional Maxwell fluid but declines and increases when increasing Hartman numbers and wave amplitude, and relaxation–retardation times’ ratio. It is revealed that an increase in Hartman numbers, heat source, and relaxation–retardation times’ ratio declines the axial velocity. Moreover, the axial velocity had an oscillatory performance in the entire range of axial z. Additionally, the results of Fig. 2 indicate that the flow is strongly dependent on α1,φ,φ, and λ1. The effect of wave amplitude ϕ, radius ratio ε, heat source β, and radius r for temperature θ is illustrated in Fig. 3 emulates the impact of ϕ on temperature, where temperature profiles are somehow parabolic and surge and decrease as ϕ increases, while they decrease and increase with increasing radius ratio and heat source. In contrast, they decrease with the increase of radius. Moreover, the temperature profiles are almost parabolic and rise as β increases. Within the entire range of axial z, the temperature had an oscillatory performance.

Figure 2: Various values of axial velocity w concerning the z−axis concerning different values of α1,M,φ, and λ1 in the peristaltic flow of the fractional Maxwell fluid within tubes

Figure 3: Various values of temperature θ with regard to the z−axis for various values of φ,ε,β, and r in the fractional Maxwell fluid's peristaltic flow within tubes

The effects of the fractional Maxwell fluid α, Hartman number M, wave amplitude φ, and Grashof number Gr can be observed from Fig. 4 in which the tangential stress srz is illustrated for various values of the fractional Maxwell fluid, Hartman and Grashof numbers, and wave amplitude. It was found that the tangential stress diminished inversely with the fractional Maxwell fluid and Hartman number, while it surged directly proportionally with wave amplitude and Grashof number. Within the entire range of axial z, the tangential stress had an oscillatory performance, which may be due to peristalsis. The influence of wave amplitude ϕ, radius ratio ε, heat source β, and radius r on heat transfer coefficient Zr are graphically displayed in Fig. 5 through various values of the amplitude, radius ratio, and heat source and radius. The increasing wave amplitude, radius ratio, heat source, and radius increase and decrease with the amplitude of the heat transfer coefficient in the whole range z. Such an effect may be expected; under the conditions considered, the wave amplitude and heat source resist the flow, and its magnitude is proportional to the heat transfer coefficient. One can observe that the heat transfer coefficient is an oscillatory performance that may be caused by peristalsis. Fig. 6 is plotted in 3D schematics illustrating heat transfer coefficient Zr, temperature θ, and axial velocity w with regard to r and z axes in the presence of the fractional Maxwell fluid α1, Hartman number M, heat source β, and wave amplitude ϕ. Axial velocity diminished with the increase of the fractional Maxwell fluid and Hartman number. Unlike temperature, which surged with the surge of heat source, the heat transfer coefficient increased and decreased with increasing wave amplitude. For all physical quantities, the peristaltic flow is illustrated in 3D overlapping and damping when r and z increase to the state of particle equilibrium. The vertical distance with the most significant curves was acquired. Most of the physical fields move in a peristaltic flow.

Figure 4: The variations of axial tangential stress srz with regard to the z−axis concerning various values of α1,M,φ, and Gr in the fractional Maxwell fluid's peristaltic flow within tubes

Figure 5: The variations of heat transfer coefficient Zr with regard to the z−axis concerning various values of φ,ε,β, and r in the peristaltic flow of the fractional Maxwell fluid within tubes

Figure 6: The variations of heat transfer coefficient Zr, temperature θ, and axial velocity w in 3D concerning the r and z axes under the influence of the α1,M,φ, and φ.

If λ¯1α=0, the fractional Maxwell model declines to a Newtonian fluid.

6  Conclusion

The present paper displayed an analytical study of how heat transfer affected the peristaltic flow of the fractional Maxwell model in the gap between two vertical coaxial tubes. It simplified the problem, assuming the low Reynolds number and the approximation of the long wavelength. It solved the problem analytically based on the fractional calculus system. The axial velocity, temperature, tangential stress, and heat transfer coefficient was examined on the endoscope parameters, Hartman number M, Grashof number Gr, the heat parameter β, the relaxation time λ1, the fractional time derivative parameter α1, the amplitude ratio ϕ, and the radius ratio ε. The following solutions were obtained based on the graphs:

1- The axial velocity declines and surges when increasing the fractional Maxwell fluid, relaxation–retardation times, Hartman number, and wave amplitude.

2- The temperature surges and diminishes with increasing wave amplitude and radius ratio.

3- The axial velocity of the Jeffrey fluid declines in comparison with a hydrodynamic fluid within the tube's center.

4- Tangential stress declines and rises with rising the fractional Maxwell fluid, heat source, wave amplitude, radius ratio, and Grash of number.

Funding Statement: The authors received no specific funding for this study.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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