Computers, Materials & Continua DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.030789 | [picture]
Article |

Cancellable Multi-Biometric Feature Veins Template Generation Based on SHA-3 Hashing

Salwa M. Serag Eldin¹,*, Ahmed Sedik², Sultan S. Alshamrani³ and Ahmed M. Ayoup⁴

1 Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
2 Department of Robotics and Intelligent Machine, Faculty of Artificial Intelligent, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
3 Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
4 Department of Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, 61111, Egypt
Corresponding Author: Salwa M. Serag Eldin. Email: salwa.serageldin@gmail.com
Received: 01 April 2022; Accepted: 12 June 2022

Abstract: In this paper, a novel cancellable biometrics technique called Multi-Biometric-Feature-Hashing (MBFH) is proposed. The MBFH strategy is utilized to actualize a single direction (non-invertibility) biometric shape. MBFH is a typical model security conspire that is distinguished in the utilization of this protection insurance framework in numerous sorts of biometric feature strategies (retina, palm print, Hand Dorsum, fingerprint). A more robust and accurate multilingual biological structure in expressing human loneliness requires a different format to record clients with inseparable comparisons from individual biographical sources. This may raise worries about their utilization and security when these spread out designs are subverted as everybody is acknowledged for another biometric attribute.The proposed structure comprises of four sections: input multi-biometric acquisition, feature extraction, Multi-Exposure Fusion (MEF) and secure hashing calculation (SHA-3). Multimodal biometrics systems that are more powerful and precise in human-unmistakable evidence require various configurations to store a comparative customer that can be contrasted with biometric wellsprings of people. Disparate top words, biometrics graphs can’t be denied and change to another request for positive Identifications (IDs) while settling. Cancellable biometrics is may be the special procedure used to recognize this issue.

Keywords: Feature extraction; multi-biometrics; SHA-3; MEF

1  Introduction

The security and privacy concerns of the cancellable biometric technique can be improved and evaluated depending on the non-invertibility technique. It is a technique related to the complexity of recovering an original biometric feature in relation to a secure erasable pattern [1]. The non-invertibility of the transformation determines the protection of the template schemes based on the transformation of the characteristics of the biometric input. Therefore, it is very important to propose an irreversibility measure that estimates the probability that the opponent cannot match the original template with respect to the transformed pattern.

Biohashing is one of the biometric security system transformation methods that utilises the factor to transform a user key or password. The key must be stored securely, or the user must remember the authentication password. Using a transformation approach to reverse the order or position of the biometric, this non-reversible technique is crucial for authentication as it strengthens the security of the biometric template space. Progress in biohashing is depicted in Fig. 1. It can be broken down as follows:

Figure 1: The process of tokenised random number (TRN) [1]

First, the fingerprint is transformed and the fingerprint features are extracted. Feature vectors contain various features of the attached fingerprint that are used to generate hash code. The system then supplies the Tokenized Random Number (TRN). The provided TRN is combined with the obtained feature vectors that form the fingerprint. The inner product that led to the combination is nothing more than a hash code generated for the supplied fingerprint and the token’s random number.

The goal of this paper is to generate a cancellable biometric using hashing techniques in which the imposter cannot restore the original biometric from the deformed version or the opponent can be revoking the deformedion that is stored in databased.

This article is divided into six parts. The first part introduces cancellable biometrics based on hashing generation, the second part introduces the related work of different articles in biohashing cancellable biometric. In the third part, we explain the proposed algorithm and the authentication strategy. The fourth part introduces the simulation results and discussion. Finally, the work is concluded and future work is suggested.

2  Related Work

This section summarises the most current and noteworthy related work. Connie et al. [2] proposed novel cancellable biometric methodologies, known as palm hashing, to mitigate the attack points on cancellable biometric registration. The suggested method analyses palm print designs containing several pseudo-random keys to generate a unique code known as a palm hash. The Palm hash code can be utilised in traditional verification methods such as tokens and smart cards.

Pang et al., [3] proposed in this paper a cancellable fingerprint verification framework that was specifically expected to face the shortages of the current authorization biometric system. The proposed technique, geometric and pseudo-Zernike minutes are used as feature extractors to transform the palmprint biometric into a low-dimensional representation with moderate parts.

Jin et al., [4] proposed a new approach to ensure that the cryptographic private key is official and can be recovered from unique fingerprint data using Biohash, ReedSolomon Code (RSC) and the point of secrets exchange agreement. Cheung et al., [5] suggested a secure non-invertiable cancellable biometric . To make sure about security, cancellable biometrics is in a perfect world to be non-invertible with the ultimate objective that no original data can be recovered from the cancellable biometrics design, which is taken care of in databases for singular ID/check. One way to deal with achieve the non-certainty is utilizing non-invertible changes. Starting late some new cancellable biometric approaches are proposed reliant on Bio Hashing. Those strategies are utilizing non-invertible changes to achieve cancellable biometrics and in this manner, non-certainty is furthermore accomplished.

Lumini et al., [6] proposed a couple of plans to improve the base Bio Hashing way to deal with keep up an uncommonly low comparable botch rate when nobody takes the Hash key, and to show up at incredible execution moreover when an “impostor” takes the Hash key.

Sunil Gaddam et al., [7] propels another technique for the ensured accumulating of extraordinary imprint design by delivering Made secure with a set of functions and keys for cryptographic systems used to encrypt or decrypt data with guidance on erasable biometrics traits.. In this article, the reaseacher designed a system to extract cancellable key from exceptional biometrict to beat these issues. The flexibility and immobility of cryptography is updated through the misuse of erasable biometrics.

Chang proposed [8] an alternative method for ensuring about-face biometric data using a single heading change from which unique face images cannot be reconstructed. Using Radon’s modified biometric face features and unpredictable multispace projection, a secure, reusable design is constructed. Using an image-based calculation of facts, services in altered formats are compared without the need for further alteration. Takahashi et al. [9] proposed an additional method for generating cancellable novel imprint designs with clear security based on the striking chip organising computation for finger impression confirmation and relationship invariant discretionary filtering for transforming formats.

3  The Proposed Cancellable Multi-Hashing Feature Veins Generating Template

The proposed secure multiple-hashing feature vein creates a pattern scheme based on the reversible SHA-3 technique. The multi-biometric system first captures a sample of a vein and then works through a feature extraction process. The sample is then converted to a biometric feature using some kind of math function. The biological model will provide effective representation and a high classification of attributes that can be compared to other forms identification. Most biological systems allow two modes of operation. The enrollment mode to add templates to the database and the authentication mode that created the template for a person are searched in the pre-written templates database. The proposed technique is performed in six stages. Fig. 2 shows the enrollment scheme of the proposed cancellable of multi-hashing feature veins generating template. The algorithm steps can be explained as follows:

Figure 2: The enrollment scheme of the proposed cancellable multi-hashing feature veins generating template

Step 1: Feature Extraction

Attribution is done behind the palm and dorsal of the hand using 3 steps. The first step is to convert the caption image to a grayscale image. The second is to apply a medium filter to remove noise. In addition, the third stage is based on image enhancement Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) technique. Adaptive Histogram Smoothing (AHE) is a local technique that calculates multiple histograms for different parts of a biometric. These histograms are individually aligned and then merged to distribute the recovery value of the biometric. In the homogeneous areas of the image, she tends to increase contrast because the histogram is concentrated in these areas (there are very few different grays). Contrast Limited AHE [10] limits contrast enhancement to reduce the issue of size enhancement.

CLAHE successfully is used as an easy way to improve contrast and vascular image quality. The fourth is done to make the average filter on the enhanced image much smoother. Alternatively, the next step is based on the implementation of an adaptive bracket to clean the biometric strands in black. Then image-enhancing techniques apply to the resulting image to clearly visualize the veins.

Soft tissue that attaches to the inside of the eye, the retina is a multilayered structure connected by synapses. On the nasal side of the optical disc’s centre, the central retinal vein and artery appear adjacent [10]. Information regarding vessel structure can facilitate severity classification and serve as a marker during segment surgery. The RGB values for the image’s distinguishing characteristics are provided below. The primary objective of this research is to accurately harvest blood vessels and to replace existing vessel harvesting procedures. In the initial step of edge enhancement, the Red Green Blue (RGB) retinal image illuminates the edges. In addition to preparing the blood vessel margins, the histogram must be filtered and smoothed for irregular noise and low intensity after the conversion to retinal grayscale. Due to edge enhancements, multiple tiny objects are produced after binarization. Again, it is necessary to eradicate the papilla from the vascular image by removing the papilla from the papilla. The steps are described in detail below.

1.

Edge Enhancement

The Kirsch colour photograph layout [11] In order to detect blood vessels in retinal images, the Kirsch template is utilised. Fig. 3 demonstrates the automated rotation of the Kirsch techniques. The Kirsch operator is one of the discrete forms of first-order derivatives used for edge detection and enhancement. The operator uses eight templates that are gradually rotated by 45 degrees to detect the edges. At each pixel, the gradient is produced by convolving the image with eight impulse response template matrices. This produces the gradient in multiple directions. The final gradient is the sum of the raised edges when all RGB channel directions are evaluated instead of just one. Fig. 4 depicts a number of enlarged photos of steering.

Figure 3: Array of kirsch’s template [11]

Figure 4: (a) Input retinal image, (b) Green channel image, (c) detected retinal vessels and (d) Image after closing [11]

2.   Gray-Scale Conversion and Medium Filtering

Using Eq., we convert the edge-enhanced RGB image to its grayscale image (1). To convert an RGB image to grey, the red, green, and blue values must be calculated according to the intensity of the gamma-extended linear encoding. If the grayscale output is I and the red, green, and blue components are R, G, and B, then the grayscale output is I.

I=0.33R+0.5G+0.166B(1)

where the intensities between the lines (in this case, the vein) are the background. The finger is treated as a similar electrical sample. For example, the left index finger is compared to the middle finger of the right hand. Two database performance experiments are performed: one with adaptive histogram smoothing and one without it-a step before processing. The procedure this step is performed by default using MATLAB’s adapthisteq function. The effect of the histogram equation applied to the vascular model image can be seen in Fig. 5 Binary masks are used to ensure that only the regions of the image with fingers are compared to each other [12]. These algorithms were applied in our compiled dataset and into the V4 finger vein database of Peking University. The performance of the algorithm is measured according to the Equal Error Rate (EER) [13].

Figure 5: Consequence of adaptive equalization of the histogram [12]

In this study, a Convolutional Neural Network-based method for finger vein feature extraction was implemented (CNN). This technique is based on the architecture of Ronneberger et al U-net. The community consists of a component for coding and a component for interpretation. The encoding design consists of units of two convolution layers, each followed by a rectification layer (ReLU) and a 2 2 downsampling layer (Pooling) with a stride of 2. Feature channels are repeated at every step of downsampling.

The related interpretation structure consists of 2 2-layer upsampling building blocks that halve the fold range of function channels, a concatenation operator with the function map truncated by the coding unit, and 3 3 convolutions, each accompanied by a ReLU. In the last layer, the problem function vectors are mapped to the preferred section region using an 11 convolution. The force characteristic is computed using a softmax operation on the final function map in conjunction with the transverse entropy loss characteristic. The cross-entropy penalises the softmax deviation (M(x)(x)) from one (1.00) at each point in the following manner:

ε=∑k=1log⁡(Mλ(x)(x))(2)

where λ : Ω → {1, . . . ,K} is the real label of every pixel, at the placement x ∈ Ω, with Ω ⊂ Z2. The network soft-max layer generates the very last segmentation as a chance map, whose pixel values mirror the chance of a selected pixel belonging to a vein or not. The community has a huge range of function channels, which permit it to propagate context facts to better decision layers, and gives stop-to-stop education with ca onfined range of education samples. The community implementation turned into realised withinside the Tensor Flow approach with the use of the Keras library.

Step 2: Image Fusion Technique

Multiple Exposure Synthesis (MEF) techniques employed nowadays are based on weighted fusion [14–17]. By establishing the weight of each pixel depending on its intensity, the principal concept of the weight combination is created. This mass is computed as:

Ifused(x,y)=∑n=1N.Wn(x,y)In(x,y)(3)

where N is the number of images in a multiple exposure image set. In(x;y) is the pixel intensity of the nth image in the set and Wn(x;y) denotes the weight representing the importance of the pixel In(x;y). In this document we normalize the pixel intensity in the range from [0, 1]. The final weight for each image is calculated by combining two weights with normalization as

Wn(x,y)=W1,n(x,y)p1×W2,n(x,y)p2∑n=1N.W1,n(x,y)p1×W2,n(x,y)p2+ϵ(4)

where p1, p2 > 0 are parameters that determine which of them to define.However, we set these parameters in the same way (p1 = p2 = 1). Using the weights obtained above, we can combine the figure according to the Eq. (3) However, this method tends to give an unnatural picture for these works as the weight values tend to be unstable and noisy. Then we apply Eq. (4). With high resolution using the resolution pyramid image contained in [14]. MEF is processed in each

pyramid and the final result is synthesized.

Step 3: The Trusted Hash Algorithm

On August 5, 2015, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) announced the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA3). It is the family’s most temperamental algorithm. [17,18] SHA3 is a subset of the larger cryptographic family Keccak. Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michal Peeters, and Gilles Van Assche are responsible for the design of Radio Gatn. Keccak implements a novel technique called sponge construction. The architecture of the sponge is dependent on a number of random functions or random permissions and allows for the entrance of data (“absorb” in the term sponge) and the quantity to release (“squeeze”). The data, which works as a generator of random numbers, takes into account all previous inputs. This leads to exceptional adaptability. NIST has no current plans to remove SHA2 from the new safe hash standard. SHA3 is intended to be directly interchangeable with SHA2 in the current application, if required, and to strengthen the robustness of the overall hash algorithm toolkit [19]. The construction of a sponge is shown at Fig. 6.

Figure 6: Construction of a sponge for the functions of the hash

SHA-3 uses a structure like a sponge [20] in which data is “absorbed” and then “squeezed” to get a result. During the validation step, the XOR message blocks are transferred to a server state, which is then fully communicated via the system function f. Throughout the duration of compression, the output log is alternately read from the same sub-state and transition state f. The output log is alternately read from the same sub-state and the transition state f throughout “compression.” The portion of the state that is written and read is known as the “rate” (R symbol), but the size of the section that is not entered by the input/output is known as the “capacity” (denoted R). Capacity determines the security of the scheme. The highest level of protection is 12 power.

Taking into account the input bit string N, the padding function pad, and the permutation function f operating on b-width, velocity r, and output-length d-bit blocks, we have the capacity c = b-r and the sponge structure z = sponge [f, pad, r] (N, d), obtaining a string Z of length d along length d, works as follows: [21,22]

•   Insert the N input using the pad function to create a softened bit string P of length (so that n = Len (p)/r is an integer).

•   Divide P n into successive r-bit bits P0… Pn–1

•   Initialize state S on line b with zero 40 bits

•   Assimilate input state: for every block Pi:

•   Extend Pi c at the end with a string of zero bits to obtain the length b

•   XOR that with S

•   The result must apply a block permutation f to obtain a new state S

•   Initialize Z as an empty string

•   And the length Z is less than d:

•   Add the first S bits to Z

•   If Z is still less than d bits, use f S to get a new state S

•   Shorten Z to d bits

SHA-3 state b = 5 5 w = 5 5 64 = 1600 bits in total. Cookies are defined for word lengths of up to 1 bit (25 bits in total). In reality, intermediate state values (from w = 8, 200 bits to w = 32, 800 bits) can be employed for straightforward application [23–25]. For SHA-3–224, SHA-3–256, SHA-3–384, and SHA-3–512 instances, r is larger than d, therefore no further block permutations are required at the squeezing point; the intended hash is the crucial bit of state. Keccak-f [1600] is a substitution for SHA-3’s block transformation. that uses XOR, AN, and NET operations and is easy to perform on both software and hardware. It is defined for the size of any two words, w = 2ℓ bits. The main definition of SHA-3 uses 64-bit words, ℓ = 6. The state can be thought of as an array of 5 × 5 × w bits. Let be the [i] [j] [k] be bit (5i + j) × w + k of the input., ℓ = 6. The state can be viewed as an array of 5 × 5 × w bits. Let [i][j][k] be the (5i + j) × w + k bit of the input, with smaller integers and larger subscripts. namely.I select rows, columns, j and bits. Index arithmetic is applied for the first two dimensions modulo 5 and for the third dimension modulo w. SHA3 security is not vulnerable to the length extension attack:

SHA2 attacks divide the data into fundamental blocks and provide identical results for each block’s output function. In addition, the entire message’s output represents the current result once all blocks have been processed.

The internal state of the sponge construct exceeds the hash function’s output. Therefore, it is pointless to generate a block without the majority of the state, as the complete state is necessary to continue with the digest.

4  Authentication Strategy

The proposed authentication system technique takes the biometric authentication system’s risk model into account. During the initial enrollment phase, the operator gathered a large number of biometric user attributes. Several processes are then done to obtain biometric features based on the discovered biological traits, and a combined technique for obtaining photographs is established. The operator can choose the output size SHA-3 to generate a message digest for each user who has been authenticated. Using the authentication method, multi-gauge tokens are extracted from the incoming user in order to determine the tokens the user has received. The process of blending is used to extract the merged image. The operator utilised the chosen hash variation. In the registration technique, when constructing a message summary as seen in Fig. 7, the message generated corresponds to the message summary recorded in the summary database; if it matches, the user becomes a genius, and if it does not, the incoming person becomes a fraud.

Figure 7: Block diagram of the proposed authentication technique

5  Simulation Results

This work presents a cancellable multi-biometric approach based on picture fusion and hashing techniques. The fundamental concept is to produce text-hash templates that represent the original biometric photos. The proposed technique is implemented on images of the retina, finger veins, palm, and dorsal vein. In addition, pairwise evaluation metrics such as hamming, spearman, and Jaccard pairwise distances have been applied. Text templates are created using SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, and SHA-512. Each image in Fig. 8 depicts the visual representation of each hashing algorithm. Tab. 1 also displays the hexadecimal hash text for each hashing algorithm. Moreover, each algorithm generates a hash of a particular length, SHA-224 with 56 characters, SHA-256 with 64, SHA-384 with 96, and SHA-512 with 128, see Tab. 2. Statistical criteria are used to evaluate the generated hashes in order to ensure that the proposed model provides a unique text template for each user.

Figure 8: The generated templates represented in image form of the proposed technique

5.1 Image-based Evaluation

The first trend discussed in this paper is the generation of a visual template using biometric image fusion. As seen in Fig. 8, the created templates can be expressed in image form. Tabulator 3 depicts the image-based evaluation. Unified Average Changing Intensity (UACI), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), Universal Image Quality (UIQ), Spectral Distribution (SD), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), and Number Pixel Change Rate are used to evaluate the created visual templates (NPCR).

Simulation results indicate that the proposed method obtained a high level of qualitative and quantitative performance prior to image-based evaluation, see Tab. 3. Therefore, the proposed solution can be deemed an effective security technique.

5.2 Text-based Evaluation

The other trend of this work is to generate a text templates which are generated to provide another form of cancelable templates. Tab. 4 Shows the generated text templates. In addition, the numerical observations of both hamming, spearman, Jaccard distances for each hashing technique are illustrated in Tab. 5. Furthermore, the statiscal metrics are visualized into curves which are shown in Fig. 9. The statistical analysis reveals that the proposed algorithm achieved average values over 0.9 in both spearman, Jaccard, and hamming distance regarding the pairwise evaluation of the generated text templates.

Figure 9: Text-based evaluation using hamming distance, Jaccard and spearman

The proposed method is validated by a brief comparison with the works in the literature. This comparison is carried out in terms of EER, FAR, and FRR as shown in Tab. 6. The proposed SHA-512 method appears an efficient performance where it achieved 0.0041, 0.001, and 0.0018 for EER, FAR, and FRR, respectively. Therefore, itaccomplishedd a superior performance among the proposed methods and the works in the literature as well. So, it can be considered an efficient solution prior to cancelable biometric generation.

6  Conclusions and Future Work

In this paper, we suggested a novel mechanismdepends on edge enhancement and material classification for automated extraction to improve the biological algorithm. This article displays that utilizing a bio-hash cancellable biometric, the statistical information comparison obtaobtains lower hamming distance metric.The proposed framework meets the needs of extractable biometrics without sacrificing recognition accuracy compared to the initial comparison of authenticate biometric. The proposed bio-mixing template feature is useful for the security of any biometric data. This paper provides four implementations for the SHA-3 family which provide a higher level of family security than the current SHA-2. The proposed performance is compared in multi-biometric and robust hashing against attacks plus fusion technique compared to other related work in [26–33].

The future work addresses two trends which treats the remaining shortages of the hash index. The first trend, the approach is apply to a resizable and unordered biometric. The second trend include the integration of biometric encryption cancellable , where the key can be embeded with the privacy policy structure for safety analysis. Investigating the adaptability of this framework for adding white Gaussian noise would be undertaken as a future extension of this work.

Acknowledgement: The authors thank the researchers of Taif University for their support. Taif University Researchers supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/215), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

Funding Statement: This research was supported by Taif University Researchers Supporting Project Number (TURSP-2020/215), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia (https://www.tu.edu.sa).

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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