[picture] | Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences | [picture]

DOI: 10.32604/cmes.2022.017304

ARTICLE

Bioconvection Mangnetohydrodynamic Tangent Hyperbolic Nanofluid Flow with Quartic Chemical Reaction Past a Paraboloid Surface

S. M. Atif¹, W. A. Khan²,*, Muhammad Abbas³,* and Umair Rashid⁴

1 Department of Mathematics, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Mathematics, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
4 CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Corresponding Authors: W. A. Khan. Email: wkhan1956@gmail.com; Muhammad Abbas. Email: muhammad.abbas@uos.edu.pk
Received: 30 April 2021; Accepted: 07 June 2021

Abstract: In this numerical study, the effect of quartic autocatalysis type of chemical reaction, buoyancy force and thermal radiation phenomenon and magnetic effect on tangent hyperbolic nanofluid past an upper horizontal surface of a paraboloid has been studied. By considering the Buongiorno model approach, a diffusion of unequal coefficients in the presence of gyrotactic microorganism is discussed. Implementation of microorganism's idea is used to stabilize the nanoparticles through bioconvection. The modeled PDEs of the problems are converted into nonlinear ODEs with the assistant of the similarity transformations. To tackle nonlinear ODEs, MATLAB package bvp4c is used. In addition, a hallmark of the Matlab code with the reported results in the literature is achieved by benchmarking. The variations in motion, concentration, temperature, and motile density due to sundry parameters have been analyzed in-depth via graphs. Our analysis shows that the density profile of motile of microorganism is hiked with an increment in the bioconvection Rayleigh number but decreases for higher thermal Grashof number.

Keywords: Quartic autocatalysis; tangent hyperbolic nanofluid; brownian motion; paraboloid of revolution; MHD flow; thermophoresis

1  Introduction

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) studies have drawn substantial interest from researchers and scientists due to their vast applications in engineering and industry. The use of MHD in steaming, melting, stirring, and levitating liquid metals is very frequent. MHD has recently been shown to be helpful in many disease diagnosis processes. Flows under the influence of MHD, therefore attract significant interest from many researchers. As a consequence, MHD flows attain a great deal of focus from many researchers. A few of the recent developments are as follows: Hassan et al. [1] performed the comparison of non-magnetic and magnetic effect on nanoparticles past a wedge. Slip and thermal radiation effects on the MHD Casson effect were investigated by Raza [2] with concluding remarks that the concentration boundary layer thickness is hiked as the chemical reaction parameter gets higher. Yashkun et al. [3] highlighted the MHD hybrid radiative nanofluid past a shrinking/stretching surface. One of the conclusions was that suction parameter enhances the shrinking/stretching parameter range for which the solution exists. Anuar et al. [4] performed the stability analysis of magnetohydrodynamics flow past a deforming vertical surface and reported that only the first solution is linearly stable. Further detail in this regard can be seen in [5–9].

In the application of industry and engineering, non-Newtonian fluids are widespread; common examples are lubrications, drilling, high-speed objects, cooling processes, etc. The idea of including nanoparticles in some base fluids become very popular these days. The insertion of the nanoparticles in these fluids made the use of these fluid more significant for the improvement of thermal conductivity. The non-Newtonian fluids have been examined extensively due to their large applications in industries and engineering. These fluids have nonlinear relation between stress and strain in rheology. These shear effects play a significant role in the analysis of the heat transfer of the non-Newtonian fluids. A hyperbolic tangent fluid is one of the non-Newtonian fluids which are capable of describing the shear-thinning phenomenon. This rheological model has certain advantages over the other non-Newtonian fluids including its formulation simplicity, ease of computation and physical robustness. Furthermore, it is deduced from the kinetic theory of liquids rather than the empirical relation. From laboratory experiments, it is found that this model predicts the shear thinning phenomenon very precisely. Additionally, this model described the blood flow very accurately. Some of the recent developments may include, in the presence of the operative Prandtl model, Khan et al. [10] scrutinized the ferromagnetic nanofluid past a stretching surface. They concluded that the turbulence behavior could be controlled with magnetic dipole. Atif et al. [11] explored the micropolar behavior of Carreau nanofluid. Ahmed et al. [12] performed the thermal analysis on Maxwell nanofluid with thermal radiation effect and heat sink/source presence. They observed that Maxwell, curvature, and unsteadiness parameters upshots the concentration distribution. Tlili et al. [13] analyzed the entropy generation in Darcy Forchheimer nanofluid flow. One of the main observations was that the boosting Biot number hikes the energy of the fluid. Double stratification, chemical reaction and thermal radiation effects on tangent hyperbolic nanofluid were reported by Khan et al. [14]. A steady flow of a power-law fluid through a tapered non-symmetric stenotic tube was studied by Ahmad et al. [15]. The effect of solar radiation on MHD stagnation point nanofluid flow was discussed by Ghasemia et al. [16], with the key finding that the energy profile is hiked as each of the Biot number is upsurged. For a deeper understanding of nanofluids, the readers are referred to see [17–20].

Bioconvection is the development of random patterns due to the swimming of the microorganisms. This bioconvection phenomenon plays a vital role in the industry, food digestion, agriculture and antibiotics. Their inclusion in the base fluids improves the transfer of mass significantly. Kuznetsov et al. [21,22] presented the natural convection flow of nanofluid past a vertical sheet. Nima et al. [23] reported the behavior of non-Newtonian fluid with variable properties in the presence of the gyrotactic microorganisms. One of the key features was that the density profile is upsurged as the bioconvection Lewis number gets higher. Khan et al. [24] reported the Jaffery nanofluid with gyrotactic microorganisms in the presence of effective Prandtl number and Activation energy. The impact of heat generation on bioconvection MHD nanofluid flow was analyzed by Kotha et al. [25]. Atif et al. [26] examined the MHD micropolar fluid with stratification effects in the presence of nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms with concluding remarks that density distribution is rambled as each of the mass stratification and buoyancy ratio parameter is boosted. When two or more reactants yield products, a chemical reaction occurs. This chemical reaction may be homogenous or heterogeneous depending upon whether the reaction takes place at the interface or due to a single-phase volume reaction [27]. Lotka [28] presented the idea of an autocatalytic chemical reaction. In this perspective, the simplest one is X + Y → Y + Y, which means that species X interacts with specie Y, and in the final product, whole species X is converted into species Y. Sapre [29] presented the idea of a quadratic and cubic autocatalytic chemical reaction. Animasaun et al. [30] analyzed the viscoelastic fluid flow by considering first-order reaction and cubic autocatalytic reaction schemes. The variable thickness of an object is one of the significant properties of the materials. In industry, there are many applications where the fluid flows over a non-uniform thickness surface. Patil et al. [31] looked in the double-diffusive flow past a stretching surface of variable thickness. One of the key findings of this study was that the enhancement in the Prandtl number depresses the 30% of the thermal boundary thickness. Qasim et al. [32] scrutinized the numerical and analytical solution of the mixed convection flow past a vertical sheet of variable thickness. One of the main observations of that study was that an increment in the surface drag is noticed as the wall thickness parameter is enhanced. Three-dimensional MHD Carreau fluid flow over a paraboloid surface with thermal radiation effects was inspected by Abdeljawad et al. [33]. An upper paraboloid surface (ups) phenomenon of bioconvection in Carreau fluid was discussed by Khan et al. [34] and conclude that velocity profile is declined as the bioconvection Rayleigh number is escalated. For non-Newtonian fluids past a paraboloid surface of revolution, flow properties were discussed by Santoshi et al. [35].

In the above-presented literature, it is noticeable that numerous researchers investigated the different non-Newtonian fluid flows past different geometries. However, no one studied the tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow over a paraboloid surface with gyrotactic microorganisms. In this numerical computation, a tangent hyperbolic nanofluid past a horizontal paraboloid surface with a quartic autocatalytic type of chemical reaction is analyzed. The arising non-linear ODEs are tackled with Matlab package bvp4c which is a finite difference code that implements the 3-stage Lobatto IIIa formula. To use bvp4c from Matlab, first, Eqs. (15)–(19) are transformed into a set of a coupled first-order system of equations. This transformation is used to set up the system of equations as a boundary value problem (BVP) and use the BVP solver in Matlab to numerically solve this system, with the above boundary condition and assumed a suitable finite value for the far-field boundary condition, i.e., η→∞, say η=25. In solving the present problem using bvp4c from Matlab, bvp4c has three arguments: a function odes for evaluating the ODEs, a function BCS for evaluating the residual in the boundary conditions, and a structure solicit that provides a guess for a mesh and the solution on this mesh. The ODEs are handled exactly as in the Matlab IVP solvers. Numerical results are obtained for the different values of the dimensionless governing parameters. Graphical representations of dimensionless quantities like velocity, concentration density profile, and temperature are investigated in detail.

2  Formulation of the Governing Equations

Tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow past ups in the presence of the gyrotactic microorganisms are analyzed. The flow analysis is carried out in the presence of magnetic and thermal radiation effects. For the stability of the nanoparticles, microorganisms are induced. The layer very next to ups is parallel to the sheet having velocity u=Uw=U0(x+b)m. The start of the fluid flow is not from the origin. Therefore, y=A(x+b)1−m2 is taken as the start of the flow where m<1 is the velocity index. The components of the velocities, temperature, and density of motile microorganisms are presented as u(x,y), v(x,y), T(x,y), and n(x,y), respectively. Two reactants X and Y, have concentrations C1 and C2, react with each other, and are such that the concentration of Y is higher than the cubic scheme, i.e., the concentration of the reactant X. A chemical change occurs in reactants X and Y at the interface, due to which homogenous the catalytic reaction is properly accounted for in the boundary layer. Considering the concept of homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction model [36,37], isothermal quartic autocatalysis type of chemical reaction inside the boundary layer for the higher concentration of reactant Y at the surface was proposed as X+3Y→4Y with the rate of chemical reaction =kC1C23. In the presence of the catalyst at the paraboloid surface, a single isothermal first-order chemical reaction exists and is the form X→Y with the rate of chemical reaction =kC1. The domain of the tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow is considered as (x+b)1−m2≤y<∞ as presented in Fig. 1. A magnetic field B=B0(x+b)m−12 is applied and considering the idea of the Rosseland approximation, thermal radiation is also incorporated. We assume the temperature difference within the flow is small. Therefore, in this perspective, T4 in radiative heat flux is linearized about T∞ and higher-order terms are neglected.

Figure 1: Flow configuration

The governing equations of the above-modeled problem

∂u∂x+∂v∂y=0,(1)

u∂u∂x+v∂u∂y=ν[(1−n)+2nΓ(∂u∂y)]∂2u∂y2+∂∂x(gxωm+12(T−T∞))+∂∂x(gxβ(ρm−ρ)m+12)(N−N∞)−σB2(x)ρu,(2)

u∂T∂x+v∂T∂y=α∂2T∂y2−1ρCp∂qr∂y+(ρCp)p(ρCp)f[DB∂C1∂y∂T∂y+DTT∞(∂T∂y)2],(3)

u∂C1∂x+v∂C1∂y=D1∂2C∂y2−DTT∞∂2T∂y2−K1C1C23,(4)

u∂C2∂x+v∂C2∂y=D2∂2C∂y2+DTT∞∂2T∂y2+K1C1C23,(5)

u∂N∂x+v∂N∂y+b∂∂y(NWcΔC1∂C1∂y)=Dm(∂2N∂y2).(6)

The boundary conditions are as follows

u(x,y)=U0(x+b)m,    v(x,y)=0,    T(x,y)=Tw,  D1∂C1∂y=KsaC1,   D2∂C2∂y=−KsaC1,    N(x,y)=Nw} at    y=A(x+b)1−m2, u(x,y)→0,    T(x,y)→T∞,       C1→C0,       C2→0,      N→N∞       as     y→∞}(7)

In order to obtain the nondimensional form of the modeled equations, a stream function ψ, similarity variable ζ, dimensionless temperature θ, dimensionless density motile of microorganism l, dimensionless concentration of reactant X and reactant Y is denoted by h, and g respectively are of the following form:

ζ=y(m+1)U02ν(x+b)m−12,    ψ=2νU0(m+1)(x+b)m+12f(ζ), θ(ζ)=T−T∞Tw−T∞, l(ζ)=N−N∞Nw−N∞,    h(ζ)=C1C∞,    g(ζ)=C2C∞.}(8)

Here ζ denotes the dimensionless distance, ψ the stream function, θ(ζ) the dimensionless temperature, l(ζ) the dimensionless density of the motile microorganism, h(ζ) concentration of the homogeneous fluid and g(ζ) concentration of the fluid hetrogeneous.

It is noticeable that the continuity equation is satisfied automatically, and locally transformed ODEs are as follows:

(1−n+nWed2fdζ2)d3fdζ3−2mm+1dfdζdfdζ+fd2fdζ2+Grθ+Rbl−2m+1Mdfdζ=0,(9)

(1+43Rd)d2θdζ2+Pr[fdθdζ+(1−n)Ecd2fdζ2d2fdζ2+n2EcWed2fdζ2d2fdζ2d2fdζ2+2m+1MEcdfdζdfdζ+Nbdθdζdhdζ+Ntdθdζdθdζ]=0,(10)

d2hdζ2+Sc1fdhdζ−NtNbd2θdζ2−2mm+1Sc1K∗hg3=0,(11)

δd2gdζ2+Sc2fdgdζ+NtNbd2θdζ2+2mm+1Sc2K∗hg3=0,(12)

d2ldζ2−Sm1−m1+mdfdζl+Smfdldζ−lPed2hdζ2−Pedgdζdldζ=0,(13)

It is noticeable that the least value of y is not the starting point of the slot. It is considering this fact, the BCs (7) cannot be imposed at y=0. It is unrealistic to impose y=0 to the surface of variable thickness. Therefore y=0 is not applicable in variable ζ. By substitution y=A(x+b)1−m2, as least value of y which corresponds to the smallest value of similarity variable χ is given by χ=AU0(m+1)2ν. Therefore, for scaling of BCs at wall we consider ζ=χ.

The BCs becomes:

f′(χ)=1,f(χ)=χ1−m1+m,θ(χ)=1,h′(χ)=Λh,δg′(χ)=−Λh(χ),l(χ)=1atχ=ζ,f′(χ)→0,θ(χ)→0,g(χ)→0,h(χ)→1l(χ)→0asχ→∞.}(14)

In the above equations, We=(m+1)U03(x+b)3m−1ν the Weissenberg number, Gr=gω(Tw−T∞)U02(x+b)2m−1 the Grashof number, M=σB02aρ is the magnetic number, Rd=4δ∗T∞3kk∗ the thermal radiation parameter, Pr=να the Prandtl number, Nb=(ρCp)pDB(Cw−C∞)(ρCp)fν the Brownian motion parameter, K∗=K1C0C02U0(x+b)m−1 strength of the homogeneous reaction, Nt=(ρCp)pDT(Tw−T∞)(ρCp)fνT∞ the thermophoresis parameter, Rb=gxβ(ρm−ρ))(Nw−N∞)U02(x+b)2m−1 bioconvection Rayleigh number, Sc2=νD2 the Schmidt number related to reactant Y, Ec=U02(x+b)2m(Cp)f(Tw−T∞) the Eckert number, Λ=Ksa(m+12U0ν)−12D1(x+b)m−12 strength of the heterogeneous reaction, Nt=(ρCp)pDT(Tw−T∞)(ρCp)fνT∞ the thermophoresis parameter, Sc1=νD1 the Schmidt number related to reactant X, Pe=bWcDm the bioconvection Peclet number, Sm=νDn the Schmidt number for motile microorganism and δ=D2D1 the ratio of diffusion coefficients of reactant X and Y.

The dimensionless modelled equation Eqs. (9)–(13) are depending on ζ whereas the BCs (14) are depending on χ. Therefore to transform the domain from [χ,∞) to [0,∞), it is valid to adopt F(ζ)=F(χ−ζ)=f(η), Θ(ζ)=Θ(χ−ζ)=θ(η), H(ζ)=H(χ−ζ)=h(η), G(ζ)=G(χ−ζ)=G(η) and L(ζ)=L(χ−ζ)=l(η).

(1−n+nWed2Fdη2)d3Fdη3−2mm+1dFdηdFdη+Fd2Fdη2+GrΘ+RbL−2m+1MdFdη=0,(15)

(1+43Rd)d2Θdη2+Pr[FdΘdη+(1−n)Ecd2Fdη2d2Fdη2+n2EcWed2Fdη2d2Fdη2d2Fdη2+2m+1MEcdFdηdFdη+NbdΘdηdHdη+NtdΘdηdΘdη]=0,(16)

d2Hdη2+Sc1FdHdη−NtNbd2Θdη2−2mm+1Sc1K∗HG3=0,(17)

δd2Gdη2+Sc2FdGdη+NtNbd2Θdη2+2mm+1Sc2K∗HG3=0,(18)

d2Ldη2−Sm1−m1+mdFdηL+SmFdLdη−LPed2Hdη2−PedHdηdLdη=0,(19)

subject to BCs

dFdη=1,F(η)=χ1−m1+m,Θ(η)=1,dHdη=ΛH,δdGdη=−ΛH(η),L(η)=1,}atη=0,dFdη→0,Θ(η)→0,H(η)→1,G(η)→0,L(η)→0asη→∞.}(20)

3  Engineering Quantities

In engineering and industry, the quantities which are the foremost interest are the surface drag Cf, Nusselt number Nu and motile density numbers of microorganisms Nn and in this section, both dimensional and nondimensional forms of these quantities are presented. These quantities are defined as

Cf=τwρuw2m+12,Nu=(x+b)qwk(Tw−T∞)m+12,Nn=(x+b)qnDn(Nw−N∞)m+12.

In the nondimensional form

CfxRex1/2=(1−n)f′′(0)+n2Wef′′2(0),NuxRex−1/2=−(1+43Rd)θ′(0),NnxRex−1/2=−L′(0).}(21)

4  Numerical Treatment

The solution of the modeled BVP Eqs. (15)–(19) with BCs (20) has been achieved by MATLAB package bvp4c. It is not possible to find the solution of the equation for an infinite domain [0,∞). Therefore, the solution is obtained for an appropriate finite domain [0,ηmax] such that there are no significant changes in the computational results.

For the validation of MATLAB code, the present results of skin friction are compared in the limiting case with Akbar et al. [38] and Malik et al. [39]. The tabulated results show a remarkable agreement with these results see Table 1.

5  Result and Discussion

5.1 The Skin Friction, Nusselt Number, and Density Number

Table 2 is presented to study the impact of important parameters on skin friction −CfxRe0.5. The skin friction coefficient −CfxRe0.5 is declined as the thermal Grashof number Gr, the Rayleigh number Rb, the power-law index n, and the velocity power index m is boosted, whereas it increases as the magnetic parameter is enhanced. Table 3 is presented to view the variations in Nusselt number due to some important parameters. The heat transfer rate NuxRe−0.5 is hiked as Brownian motion parameter Nb and the thermal radiation parameter Rd whereas NuxRe−0.5 is declined as the velocity power index m, the Eckert number Ec and thermophoresis parameter Nt is hiked. From Table 4, it is noticeable that the density number NnxRe−0.5 is enhanced as the bioconvection Peclet number Pe and bioconvection Rayleigh number Rb is upsurged, whereas it decreases for increased values of each velocity power index m, the Schmidt number for motile microorganism and strength of the homogeneous reaction K∗.

5.2 Graphical Results

The impact of the sundry parameters on different profiles is presented graphically and discussed in detail. For the whole study, the values of the parameters are considered as m=0.25,Pe=n=0.2,Pr=10,Rb=Sm=Gr=M=Rd=1,Ec=0.02,χ=Nb=K∗=Nt=We=0.1,Sc1=0.62,Sc2=1.3,δ=1.2,Λ=0.3 and the varying parameter is displayed in the respective figure.

Figs. 2a–2d are sketched to study the impact of the Brownian motion parameter Nb. An increment in Nb causes the tangent hyperbolic nanofluid to move up the horizontal surface. By the Brownian motion theory, the speed of nanoparticles is directly proportional to temperature. With the rises in temperature, the nanoparticles have more kinetic energy-yielding, movement faster. With an increment in Nb, the motion of the nanoparticles is enhanced, due to which the temperature is enhanced [40]. The same result is obtained; however, due to replications, it is not presented. Due to that, enhancement of the temperature causes a hike in the concentration of the homogeneous bulk fluid X, and as a consequence, the concentration gradient of the bulk fluid H′ is declined, as presented in Figs. 2a–2b. Fig. 2c shows that the concentration of heterogeneous fluid G declined as Nb is upsurged, whereas an overshoot is noticed in the gradient of the concentration of the reactant Y near ups 0<η≤0.8 approximately as shown in Fig. 2d. The variations due to thermophoresis parameter Nt on temperature θ(η), temperature gradient θ′(η), Concentration of the bulk fluid (homogeneous) H(η) gradient of the concentration bulk fluid H′(η), Concentration of the reactant Y (heterogeneous) G(η) and its gradient H′(η) are divulged in Figs. 3a–3f. An increment in Nt causes an increase in the temperature of the nanofluid, and the temperature gradient of the nanofluid is declined. Similarly, the concentration of the reactant X is diminished, and its gradient is hiked. Physically, in thermophoresis, the particles apply a force on the other particles, due to which the particles move towards the lower temperature region. Therefore, an increment in Nt means more application of the force on the other particles, due to which more fluid moves from the hotter region to the colder region. Consequently, the concentration of the bulk fluid X is reduced, and the concentration of the reactant Y (heterogeneous) is hiked. Inside the domain, H′(η) is small whereas, G′(η) is higher for the increasing values of Nt.

Figure 2: Variations in (a) H(η), (b) H′(η), (c) G(η) and (d) G′(η) due to Nb

In order to view the influence of thermal Grashof number Gr on the horizontal velocity f′(η) and motile density profile L(η) are displayed in Figs. 4a–4b. From these graphs, it is evident that a boost in Gr results in a hike in the horizontal velocity of ups, whereas the diffusion of the motile microorganism is declined. Physically, the buoyancy force of the flow field is enhanced as the Grashof number Gr is hiked. Moreover, the increasing values of Gr have a negligible impact on L(η) near ups. The fluctuation due to bioconvection Rayleigh number Rb on horizontal velocity f′(η) and motile density profile L(η) are presented in Figs. 5a–5b. From the graphs of these figures, it is noticed that f′(η) is hiked, and this increase is more significant near the surface as Rb is boosted. Whereas the diffusion of the motile microorganism is depreciated. The fluctuation due to the magnetic parameter M on f′(η) and L(η) is presented in Figs. 6a–6b. Increasing values of M enhance the resistive force, due to which the f′(η) is declined, whereas the tendency of swimming off the self-propelled microorganisms near the boundary layer increased due to which the microorganism flux grows, as shown in Fig. 6b. This verifies the general behavior of the magnetic effect.

Figure 3: Variations in (a) θ(η) (b) θ′(η), (c) H(η), (d) H′(η), (e) G(η) and (f) G′(η) due to Nt

Figure 4: Variations in (a) f′(η) and (b) L(η) due to Gr

Figure 5: Variations in (a) f′(η) and (b) L(η) due to Rb

Figure 6: Variations in (a) f′(η) and (b) L(η) due to M

6  Conclusions

In this numerical study, the tangent hyperbolic nanofluid past the upper horizontal surface of paraboloid revolution with quartic autocatalysis chemical reaction has been studied. A few of the key results are:

•   The velocity profile is declined, whereas the density profile is enhanced as the magnetic parameter is boosted.

•   The impact of the Brownian motion parameter on the homogeneous fluid is increasing, whereas the thermophoresis parameter has the opposite impact.

•   The density profile of motile microorganisms is hiked as the bioconvection Rayleigh number is upsurged, whereas it decreases for the increasing values of the thermal Grashof number.

•   The Nusselt number and motile density number declined as the velocity power index was enhanced.

•   The Skin friction coefficient is declined as each of the thermal Grashof numbers, power-law index, velocity power index, and bioconvection Rayleigh number are boosted.

•   The influence of the Brownian motion parameter on the heterogeneous fluid is decreasing, whereas the opposite trend is noticed for the thermophoresis parameter.

Acknowledgement: We thank Dr. Muhammad Kashif Iqbal for his assistance in proofreading the manuscript.

Author's Contributions: All authors equally contributed to this work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding Statement: The authors received no external funding for this study.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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