Computer Systems Science & Engineering
DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.018640
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Article

Structured Graded Lung Rehabilitation for Children with Mechanical Ventilation

Lei Ren1, Jing Hu2, Mei Li1,*, Ling Zhang2 and Jinyue Xia3

1Department of Nursing, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
2Department of rehabilitation medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
3International Business Machines Corporation (IBM), NY, USA
*Corresponding Author: Mei Li. Email: limeilimei6868@126.com
Received: 15 March 2021; Accepted: 01 May 2021

Abstract: Lung rehabilitation is safe and feasible, and it has positive benefits in weaning the machine as soon as possible, shortening the time of hospitalization and improving the prognosis of children with mechanical ventilation. However, at present, the traditional medical concept is deep-rooted, and doctors' understanding of early rehabilitation is inadequate. It is necessary to make in-depth exploration in the relevant guidelines and expert consensus to formulate standardized early rehabilitation diagnosis and treatment procedures and standards for mechanically ventilated children. In the paper, a structured graded lung rehabilitation program is constructed for children with mechanical ventilation to improve their respiratory function, shorten the time of mechanical ventilation and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) hospitalization, and reduce their anxiety, based on the principal component analysis of functional pneumonia data. Scientific evaluation and dynamic monitoring ensure the safety of the implementation of the program and promote the prognosis and prognosis of the disease. The proposed lung rehabilitation program provides a reference basis for the formulation of lung rehabilitation guidelines for children with mechanical ventilation. And It has important reference significance for clinical pulmonary rehabilitation to alleviate the concerns of clinicians and lay the foundation for the large-scale promotion of early lung rehabilitation.

Keywords: Lung rehabilitation; mechanical ventilation; principal component analysis

1  Introduction

Mechanical ventilation is one of the important measures to treat critically ill children. It has been reported that about 30% of children in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) receive mechanical ventilation [1,2]. The Mechanical ventilation techniques also carry a series of problems while saving more lives, such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, post-ICU syndrome (PICS), and decreased respiratory function [3,4]. Among them, respiratory function decline is the most insidious, indirectly manifested as prolonged mechanical ventilation, difficulty in weaning, and secondary intubation after weaning. Wang et al. [5] reported that 41.7% of the children retained in PICU had difficulty in weaning from the machine. Other studies [6–8] have found that the diaphragm of patients began to atrophy after 18 hours of mechanical ventilation treatment and became the cause of delayed weaning. Khemani et al. [9] studied 409 children treated with mechanical ventilation in PICU and analyzed the influencing factors of extubating failure. And the results showed that 43 (8.3%) children were reintubated within 48 hours after extubating, about 35% had diminished respiratory muscle strength at extubating (aPiMax≤30cmH2O). The risk of reintubation was three times that of children with fair respiratory muscle strength (aPiMax>30cmH2O) (14% vs 5.5%; p=0.006). Respiratory muscle weakness is a cause of difficulty in weaning mechanically ventilated children and an independent risk factor for reintubation [10–12]. How to improve respiratory muscle strength, improve respiratory function, and achieve early weaning is the key goal of PICU. It is related to the long-term prognosis and quality of life of children. Early and effective implementation of pulmonary rehabilitation can reduce the infection rate, shorten the time of mechanical ventilation, and improve respiratory function [13–15].

In 2013, American Thoracic Association (ATS) and European Respiratory Association (ERS) proposed a new definition of lung rehabilitation: "Lung rehabilitation (pulmonary rehabilitation, PR) is a comprehensive intervention program based on a comprehensive assessment of patients and tailor-made". It included but not limited to exercise training, education, and behavioral changes. The aim is to improve the physiological function and psychological environment of patients with chronic respiratory diseases, and to encourage patients to practice healthy behaviors for a long time [16–18]. With the promotion and application of lung rehabilitation, the efficacy of lung rehabilitation in chronic respiratory diseases has been confirmed. Lung rehabilitation is mainly used in chronic respiratory diseases, which can improve the physical and mental health of patients with chronic respiratory diseases and promote patients to improve their health behavior. As a comprehensive and comprehensive rehabilitation intervention, pulmonary rehabilitation is only carried out in chronic respiratory diseases, while acute severe respiratory diseases need to restore respiratory function as soon as possible and optimize the clinical outcome. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out corresponding studies to explore the feasibility and effect of lung rehabilitation in acute severe diseases.

The roadmap of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces early lung rehabilitation and principal component analysis method. Section 3 introduces the data collection of children with mechanical ventilation, and the principal component analysis method of functional data is used to analyze the collected functional data for children with mechanical ventilation. In Section 4, the structured graded pulmonary rehabilitation for children with mechanical ventilation is elaborated, according to the results of the principal component analysis method. Finally, the conclusion is given in Section 5.

2  Related Work

2.1 Early Lung Rehabilitation

The latest version of the lung rehabilitation statement proposes to expand the scope of use of lung rehabilitation, further clarify the effect of lung rehabilitation on critically ill patients and explore the adjustment of lung rehabilitation program according to the disease [16]. The research of Moss et al. [19–21] has shown that the intervention of early respiratory rehabilitation can slow down respiratory muscle atrophy and significantly shorten the time of mechanical ventilation and ICU stay. The meta-analysis of Orona et al. [22–24] included 28 studies on the effect of inspiratory muscle training on ICU patients. Compared with the control group, the inspiratory muscle strength and expiratory muscle strength of the patients with inspiratory muscle training (IMT) were significantly increased. And the length of hospital stays, and mechanical ventilation time were shorter than those of the control group. The results of randomized controlled trials conducted showed that 71% of IMT patients were weaned successfully, which was significantly better than that of the control group (47%). Effective respiratory muscle exercise can have high respiratory muscle strength and endurance, promote the reconstruction and recovery of pulmonary function in patients with mechanical ventilation, improve the success rate of weaning, reduce the risk of secondary intubation and the time of mechanical ventilation. Pehlivan et al. [25–27] carried out lung rehabilitation treatment for 39 patients who received lung transplantation 3 weeks before operation. The results showed that the 6-minute walking distance, physical function, and emotional role parameters of the simplified quality of life questionnaire were significantly improved after rehabilitation treatment. Yohannes et al. [28–30] enrolled 165 patients with chronic obstructive disease with an average age of 72 and completed an 8-week community lung rehabilitation program that included aerobics and education programs and were followed up for two years. The study explores the effects of 8-week pulmonary recovery on respiratory function, anxiety, depression and quality of life after two years. The results showed that an effective 8-week pulmonary recovery program could continuously improve patients’ anxiety and quality of life over a two-year period.

For adult lung rehabilitation, the corresponding research has been carried out. Wang et al. [31–33] constructed an early lung rehabilitation program for adult patients with mechanical ventilation and evaluated the clinical effect. According to the patient's sedation score and oxygenation index, the program is divided into four levels. It includes posture management, respiratory muscle training, psychological support and other four dimensions. There are great differences in physiology between children and adults. So, it is necessary to construct a lung rehabilitation program in line with the physiological characteristics of children. Lang et al. [34–36] put forward comprehensive rehabilitation strategies for children with mechanical ventilation from the aspects of posture management, motor function recovery, respiratory muscle training, sleep management, and psychological support. But they lacked specific evaluation and intervention time. And there was no specific explanation to the implementer. Wang et al. [37–39] performed individual respiratory rehabilitation on 23 children who were treated with mechanical ventilation in PICU. The results showed that respiratory rehabilitation had significant significance in shortening intubation time. However, the program only involved respiratory muscle training. And it did not pay attention to the psychological status of children. The treatment experience of PICU brings anxiety, fear and other negative emotions to the children. And all the children have different degrees of post-traumatic stress after discharge, which has an impact on their study and life [40]. Paying attention to the psychological state of children and giving comfort, support and encouragement can alleviate the above symptoms and optimize the clinical outcome.

To sum up, at present, there are few studies on the rehabilitation of children's mechanical ventilation respiratory function. There are no relevant guidelines and operating norms, the existing intervention methods are single, and there is a lack of appropriate evaluation indicators. At present, a systematic and scientific lung rehabilitation program has not been established.

2.2 Principal Component Analysis

The main purpose of the principal component analysis method is to explain most of the information in the original data with fewer variables, that is, it is expected that many highly correlated variables in the hands will be transformed into unrelated variables, which can be selected from less than the original data. But several new variables that can explain most of the original data information are the so-called principal components, and which are the comprehensive indicators we use to explain the data.

Let X=(X1,X2,⋅⋅⋅,Xp) is a p-dimensional random vector, mean vector E(X)=μ , covariance matrix Var(X)=∑ . The linear transformation of X is as follows.

{f1=α1TX=α11X1+α12X2+⋅⋅⋅+α1pXpf2=α2TX=α21X1+α22X2+⋅⋅⋅+α2pXp⋅⋅⋅fp=αpTX=αp1X1+αp2X2+⋅⋅⋅+αppXp (1)

where αi=(αi1,αi2,⋅⋅⋅,αip)T,i=1,2,⋅⋅⋅,p . So,

Var(fi)=αiT∑αi,i=1,2,⋅⋅⋅,p (2)

Cov(fi,fj)=αiT,i,j=1,2,⋅⋅⋅,p (3)

If the first principal component is not enough to represent most of the information of the original p variables, consider f2. In order to make f2 with the maximum interpretation ability for the part of the information that is not explained by f1 in the original information, it is to find α2 to maximize Var(f2) under the condition of double constraints.

Cov(f2,f1)=α2T∑α1=0,α2Tα2=1 (4)

The corresponding f2 is called as the second principal component of X. Similarly, the third principal component, the fourth principal component can be obtained.

3  Principal Component Analysis for Functional Data of Children with Pulmonary Rehabilitation

3.1 Data Collection of Children with Mechanical Ventilation

3.1.1 Data Collection

This study is a non-simultaneous control study. Using convenient sampling method, 30 children with mechanical ventilation treated in PICU of the affiliated Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January to December 2018 and January to December 2019 were selected as subjects. Among them, 15 children included in 2018 were given routine rehabilitation care, while those who met the inclusion criteria were given structured graded lung rehabilitation program in 2019 as the experimental group.

Inclusion criteria: 13 years old≤age≤18 years old; 2 mechanical ventilation time ≥ 24 hours; exclusion criteria: (1) neuromuscular diseases caused by genes; (2) cognitive abnormalities or developmental retardation; (3) multiple fractures; (4) contraindications of other lung rehabilitation therapy. This study is a non-simultaneous randomized controlled study. 15 children who met the inclusion criteria from January to December 2018 were selected as the control group, and 15 children who met the inclusion criteria from January to December 2019 were selected as the experimental group.

3.1.2 Treatment and Intervention Method

In the experimental group, the structured graded lung rehabilitation program was given based on routine treatment and nursing after mechanical ventilation for 24 hours. Every morning, the attending doctor, responsible nurse, rehabilitation doctor and therapist make rounds to evaluate the patient's condition, airway and muscle strength one by one. After the doctor has issued the corresponding doctor's order, the responsible nurse carried out early lung rehabilitation and records for the child according to the rehabilitation plan. The researchers were responsible for the supervision and management of the whole process. During the implementation of lung rehabilitation, they closely monitored the vital signs of children, and formulated safety principles. If the fluctuation of vital signs more than 20% of the normal range, or if the child appears pale, dizziness, chest tightness, and palpitations, it will stop immediately. The whole process of lung rehabilitation was dynamically evaluated and managed. The content of daily rehabilitation was timely adjusted according to the condition and tolerance of the children. And the principle of individual nursing was followed.

In the control group, routine rehabilitation nursing was given based on symptomatic treatment. That is water pillow was used to protect sacro-coccyx skin, turn over and pat the back once in 2 hours, suck sputum in time or as needed according to doctor's advice. And the ventilator pipeline nursing is done. The turn-over pad and soft pillow are utilized to change position every 2 hours, and the soft pillow is used to prevent foot drop. According to the recovery of children, children are assisted to sit up training and bedside standing training.

3.2 Principal Component Analysis of Functional Data for Children with Mechanical Ventilation

The dimensionality reduction of functional data is performed by the principal component basis expansion and truncation of Xi(t) . The specific operation is as the following. At first, the observed discrete data must be functionalized, and each function curve is regarded as a sample curve to perform function principal component analysis. Let the continuous curve be Xi(t),i=1,2,⋯,n , and i represents the i-th observation. The principal components of each curve are as the following formula.

ξi=∫φ(t)Xi(t)dt,i=1,2,⋅⋅⋅,n (5)

where φ(t) is the weight function. The function value Xij corresponds to the data Xij , j=1,2,⋯,n in the classical multivariate principal component analysis. The solution of functional principal components is similar to the case of classical principal component analysis, and the maximization problem is solved under certain restricted conditions.

max1n∑i=1n⁡ξi12=max1n∑i=1n⁡[∫Xi(t)φ1(t)dt]2 (6)

s.t.φ(t)2=∫[φ1(t)]2dt=1 (7)

If there is one that satisfies this constraint and reaches the maximum, the corresponding ξi1 is called the first principal component of Xi(t) , which is the projection of Xi(t) in the direction φ(t) , and φ(t) is the characteristic function (weight function) of the first principal component. Similarly, when the solution of the k-th principal component meets the following constraints, the maximization problem is solved.

max1n∑i=1n⁡ξik2=max1n∑i=1n⁡[∫Xi(t)φk(t)dt]2 (8)

From the above construction process, it is found that multiple weight functions satisfy the orthogonal constraint conditions.

∫φh(t)φl(t)dt=0,h≠l (9)

In order to get the weight function of functional principal component analysis, the covariance function of the function should be used to find the coefficient of the weight function, according to the covariance function.

GX(s,t)=1n−1∑i=1n⁡Xi(t)Xi(s) (10)

The characteristic equation of the weight function in functional principal component analysis can be obtained.

∫GX(s,t)φ(t)dt=λφ(s) (11)

where λ is the characteristic value of GX(s,t) , and φ(s) is the characteristic function corresponding to the characteristic value. Define Gφ(s)=∫GX(s,t)φ(t)dt , where Gφ(s) is the integral transformation of GX(s,t) as the kernel, and G is called the covariance operator. Then Gφ(s)=λφ(s) . The function Xi(t) can be expressed as a linear combination of basic functions.

Xi(t)=∑k=1K⁡ξikφk(t) (12)

Thus, the covariance function can be written as the following.

GX(s,t)=1n∑i=1n⁡[∑k=1K⁡ξikφk(s)][∑k=1K⁡ξikφk(t)]=1nφT(s)ξTξφ(t) (13)

The linear combination of the basic functions of the weight function is expressed as.

φ(t)=∑k=1K⁡bkφk(t)=ΦT(t)b,b=(b1,b2,⋅⋅⋅,bk) (14)

The parameter vector is estimated. And the characteristic equation can be written as the following.

1nξTξWb=λb,whereW=∫φ(s)Tφ(t)dt (15)

From this, the weight function coefficient vector b can be obtained, and then the principal component weight function can be obtained.

4  Structured Graded Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Children with Mechanical Ventilation

A total of 24 children who were treated with mechanical ventilation in PICU from January to December 2018 were reviewed, excluding cases of age < 3 years (n=4), death (n=3) and gene-induced neuromuscular diseases (n=4). A total of 15 children met the inclusion criteria, including 7 males and 8 females, with an average age of 6.67 years. The diseases were composed of respiratory system (n=7), nervous system (n=4), circulatory system (n=3) and trauma (n=1). The structured graded lung rehabilitation program was formally implemented in PICU from January to December 2019. According to the inclusion criteria, a total of 17 children received lung rehabilitation, in which 2 cases dropped out because their parents gave up treatment. Finally, 15 children were included, which includes 10 males and 5 females, with an average age of 5.57 years old. The diseases were composed of respiratory system (n = 7), nervous system (n=4), circulatory system (n=3) and trauma (n=1).

In the research, a total of 518 times of lung rehabilitation were performed, during which there were no unplanned extubating, fall, bed fall and other adverse events. And there were no abnormal fluctuations in heart rate, blood pressure and transcutaneous oxygen saturation. From the above analysis, we get the following rehabilitation grading treatment strategy. Tab. 1 shows the basic rehabilitation measure. The basic measure applies to lung rehabilitation for all children with invasive mechanical ventilation.

On the basis of the basic rehabilitation measure, the respiratory muscle training and full range joint motion plan were added to the lung rehabilitation measures. And the primary lung rehabilitation measure was formed. It is showed in Tab. 2.

Based on the primary rehabilitation measure, the resistance training, psychological support, and motor function exercise are added to the lung rehabilitation measures. And the secondary lung rehabilitation measure is formed and showed in Tab. 3.

On the basis of the secondary rehabilitation measure, we added the family health education plan to the lung rehabilitation measures. And the three-level lung rehabilitation measure is formed and showed in Tab. 4.

5  Conclusion

Based on principal component analysis of functional pneumonia data, this paper constructed a structured graded lung rehabilitation program for children with invasive mechanical ventilation and carried out graded lung rehabilitation nursing for children according to their severity and functional status, to improve their respiratory function, shorten the time of mechanical ventilation and PICU hospitalization, and reduce their anxiety. Scientific evaluation and dynamic monitoring ensure the safety of program implementation and promote the prognosis and prognosis of the disease. This study provides a reference basis for the formulation of lung rehabilitation guidelines for children with mechanical ventilation. And It has important reference significance for clinical pulmonary rehabilitation.

Acknowledgement: We thank the director of rehabilitation medicine department in the children’s hospital of Nanjing medical university (Jian Tang).

Funding Statement: This work is supported by Science and Technology Development Fund of Nanjing Medical University (No. NJMUB2019188). Ling Zhang received the grant and the URLs to sponsors’ websites is https://www.njmu.edu.cn.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study. Lei Ren and Jing Hu are the co-first authors.

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