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Energy Engineering
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DOI: 10.32604/ee.2022.015570

ARTICLE

Protection of Zero-Sequence Power Variation in Mountain Wind Farm Collector Lines Based on Multi-Mode Grounding

Hongchun Shu1,2, Yaqi Deng1,2,*, Pulin Cao2, Jun Dong2, Hongjiang Rao2 and Zhiqian Bo2

1Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650093, China
2Faculty of Electric Power Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
*Corresponding Author: Yaqi Deng. Email: 20181105001@stu.kust.edu.cn
Received: 28 December 2020; Accepted: 19 February 2021

Abstract: The arc-suppression coil (ASC) in parallel low resistance (LR) multi-mode grounding is adopted in the mountain wind farm to cope with the phenomenon that is misoperation or refusal of zero-sequence protection in LR grounding wind farm. If the fault disappears before LR is put into the system, it is judged as an instantaneous fault; while the fault does not disappear after LR is put into the system, it is judged as a permanent fault; the single-phase grounding fault (SLG) protection criterion based on zero-sequence power variation is proposed to identify the instantaneous-permanent fault. Firstly, the distribution characteristic of zero-sequence voltage (ZSV) and zero-sequence current (ZSC) are analyzed after SLG fault occurs in multi-mode grounding. Then, according to the characteristics that zero-sequence power variation of non-fault collector line is small, while the zero-sequence power variation of fault collector line can reflect the active power component of fault resistance, the protection criterion based on zero-sequence power variation is constructed. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the protection criterion can distinguish the property of fault only by using the single terminal information, which has high reliability.

Keywords: Mountain wind farm; multi-mode grounding; collector line; single-phase grounding fault; zero-sequence power variation

Nomenclature

Abbreviations

SLG: | Single-phase grounding fault
ZSC: | Zero-sequence current
LVRT: | Low voltage ride through
LR: | Low resistance
ZSV: | Zero-sequence voltage
DFIG: | Doubly-fed induction generator
ASC: | Arc-suppression coil

1  Introduction

With the increase of the global environmental crisis and the reduction of traditional energy sources, wind power generation has attracted significant attention. Wind power generation has penetrated the power grid, which the internal fault may pose a threat to the operation of the power grid [1–5]. In recent years, large amounts of mountain wind farm have been built in China considering the abundant wind energy resources in mountain, while the particularity is determined by the geographical environment [6–8]. The collector lines of the mountain wind farm are hybrid consisted of overhead line and cable [9,10]. Due to the influence of thunderstorm weather, the fault rate of the mountain wind farm is high [11,12], which SLG accounts for 80%, and most of them are instantaneous fault. If the arc-suppression coil (ASC) grounding mode is adopted, the recovery speed of the fault phase voltage can be reduced, and the instantaneous fault can be eliminated [13]. If the low resistance (LR) grounding mode is utilized, fault current increases, and characteristics of fault are obvious [14], which can improve the reliability of protection operation as a high-impedance fault. To prevent the fault from expanding, the fault should be removed rapidly [15,16].

At present, the conventional three-section current protection is still applied to the collector line [17]. When collector lines appear fault, the wind turbine is regarded as the load, which the influence of output-characteristics of the wind turbine on the protective operation is not considered [18,19]. Scholars have carried out a lot of research on the protection in collector lines of wind farm. The voltage at the end of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) will drop deeply after short-circuit fault in the collector line. To protect the rotor converter, crowbar protection is connected that can provide a path for the rotor current to realize low voltage ride through (LVRT) [20–23]. Due to the crowbar protection operation, the current sampled by the protective device is not at the level of power frequency, its frequency range is 35–65 Hz [24], which causes the performance of traditional power frequency current protection to decrease. The synchronous voltage and current are sampled by real-time communication and the impedance is calculated to protect the collector line in [25], while the algorithm is highly dependent on the communication system. The stator current of DFIG under short-circuit fault are deduced in [26], and the variation law of steady-state power frequency alternative current component amplitude of DFIG fault current with the voltage-sag degree and crowbar resistance is revealed. However, only crowbar input is considered for the above-said scheme. By analysing the characteristics of current and voltage of the collector line after fault [27], the equation of voltage drop is constructed and the adaptive coefficient is calculated to form new adaptive distance protection. The setting and configuration of protection on DFIG wind farm with LVRT are discussed in [28], it pointed out that LVRT may cause protection device to refuse to operate, which explained the necessity of coordination both current protection in collector line and LVRT, whereas specific scheme was not elaborated. The protection of the collector line has the problems of high sensitivity and lower selectivity, which cannot coordinate with LVRT. Based on the study of short-circuit current characteristics of wind turbine and collector line of wind farm considering LVRT, a new collector line protection setting scheme combined with LVRT is proposed in [29]. Nevertheless, the protection is affected by the control strategy of LVRT. By referring to the current differential principle with considering various operation conditions, an adaptive differential protection algorithm for wind farm has been introduced in [30], while the method is only applicable to SLG. The above literature does not consider the change of fault characteristics under various grounding modes. If the fault cannot recover quickly or the protection cannot remove the fault in time after the short-circuit fault or SLG occurs in the collector line, and the wind turbine may face a risk of off-grid, which is quite distinct from the distribution network with reclosing. Combined with the merits of ASC grounding and LR grounding, ASC in parallel with LR grounding in multi-mode grounding mode is utilized in mountain wind farm [31]. The multi-mode grounding mode enables the collector lines to extinguish the arc quickly as an instantaneous fault occurs, while make the protection device operate reliably in case of a permanent fault.

This paper analyzes the distribution of zero-sequence voltage (ZSV) and zero-sequence current (ZSC) after a single-phase grounding fault (SLG) appears in the collector line of multi-mode grounding mode. Based on the analysis of ZSV and ZSC, the zero-sequence power variation of non-fault collector line is small, while the zero-sequence power variation of fault collector line can reflect the active power component of fault resistance. The zero-sequence power of collector line is constructed as the characteristic quantity of SLG identification of wind farm. The protection principle is verified by simulation that can distinguish the property of fault only by using the single terminal information with voltage and current, which has high reliability.

The remaining of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is devoted to analyzing the characteristics of ZSV and ZSC after SLG occurs in ASC grounding and multi-mode grounding. In Section 3, due to the characteristics of zero-sequence power variation in fault collector line and non-fault collector line, the protection criterion based on zero-sequence power variation is proposed and the threshold value of protection is set. In Section 4, the reliability of the proposed protection is verified by simulation considering different collector line, different fault distance, and fault inception time. At last, some conclusions are summarized in Section 5.

2  Characteristics of ZSV and ZSC under Grounding Fault

2.1 Grounding Mode of Main Transformer in Wind Farm

Overhead line and cable are connected to mountain wind power. After a SLG occurs in the collector line, the overhead line always belongs to an instantaneous SLG, while the cable tends to appear permanent SLG accompanied by the higher capacitive current. The multi-mode grounding can weaken the recovery speed of fault phase voltage, which is the benefit to instantaneous SLG disappearance; LR is connected after a high-impedance fault or permanent SLG appears in the collector line, which can make ZSC increase and characteristics of fault obviously and that is conducive to improve the reliability of protection action. The following research will focus on the analysis of SLG that occurs in the collector lines of the mountain wind farm, the equivalent system diagram is shown in Fig. 1.

2.2 Characteristic Analysis of Zero-Sequence Component under Grounding Fault

2.2.1 Zero-Sequence Component Grounded by ASC

As a SLG occurs in collector line L1, the damping resistance is exited by the system and L of ASC is put into. The equivalent zero-sequence network of SLG in the collector line is shown in Fig. 2. In Fig. 2, where Rd is the fault resistance, R denotes damping resistance of ASC and the leakage resistance of line, Rn expresses the resistance of neutral point, C means the sum of capacitance to ground of line, UA0 = −EA, EA represents fault phase voltage.

As ASC is connected, ZSV is defined as follows:

U0⋅=U⋅A01+RdR+jRd(ωC+1ωL) (1)

The fault current is

If⋅=U0⋅R+jωCU0⋅+U0⋅jωL=IR+j(IC−IL) (2)

The ZSC is as follows:

I0⋅=U0⋅3R+jωCU0⋅3+U0⋅j3ωL=IR3+j(IC−IL)3 (3)

Figure 1: Typical wind farm equivalent system diagram

Figure 2: The equivalent zero-sequence network diagram of SLG under different grounding modes

2.2.2 Zero-Sequence Component of Multi-Mode Grounding

If the zero-sequence power can still be detected after ASC is connected with a certain time delay, LR is put into and then the grounding mode is changed into the multi-mode grounding. The leakage resistance is higher than the resistance of neutral point Rn, it can be approximately equivalent to Rn that R and Rn are in parallel. ZSV can be expressed as

U0⋅=UA0⋅1+RdRn+jωCRd (4)

The fault current is

If⋅=U0⋅Rn+jωCU0⋅ (5)

The ZSC is as follows:

I0⋅=U0⋅3Rn+jωCU0⋅3 (6)

From Eqs. (4)–(6), it can be shown that ZSV decreases and ZSC increases after LR is connected, while the active power component increases gradually.

To reduce the wind turbine off-grid caused by the fault, the multi-mode grounding is adopted in the mountain wind farm. ASC is connected to clear the instantaneous SLG; while LR is connected after a permanent SLG appears, it can increase the fault current and make the protection device operate reliably.

3  Criterion of SLG Protection Based on Zero-Sequence Power Variation

3.1 Construction of Protection Characteristic Quantity

According to the characteristics of ZSV and ZSC, the zero-sequence power [32] of each collector line after fault is established by

{Pb=Re[(I0b⋅)×(−U0b⋅)]Pf=Re[(I0f⋅)×(−U0f⋅)] (7)

where Pb denotes zero-sequence power of each collector line under normal conditions; Pf means zero-sequence power of each collector line after the fault. The zero-sequence power variation of each collector line in case of SLG is

ΔP=Pf−Pb (8)

Due to ZSV and ZSC of the fault collector line contains the zero-sequence component generated by the fault resistance, which the zero-sequence power variation ΔP can effectively reflect the active power consumed by fault resistance to highlight the characteristics of the fault collector line.

3.2 Protection Criterion and Setting Principle

From the analysis of 3.1, the zero-sequence power variation of the collector line is greater than the non-fault collector line. Therefore, the criterion of SLG protection based on zero-sequence power variation is constructed as follows:

ΔPset≥Krelmax(Pnon) (9)

where ΔPset means the threshold of protection operation, Krel denotes reliability coefficient considering noise and error in measurement, max(Pnon) represents the maximum zero-sequence power variation of non-fault collector line.

The protection device should avoid possible unbalance condition, and the threshold value of protection can be set with a certain margin. It is appropriate to set the threshold value to 7.5 kW with considering the reliability of the protection operation.

Combined with the merits of the multi-mode grounding, zero-sequence power variation as the characteristic quantity of protection criterion is applied to mountain wind farm that can accurately differentiate instantaneous-permanent fault. The procedure of the proposed protection method is as follows:

Step 1: ZSV and ZSC after fault are obtained, and the zero-sequence power variation of each collector line is calculated;

Step 2: If the zero-sequence power variation ΔP is greater than ΔPset, the fault is predicted as instantaneous and ASC is connected into system with time delay; if the zero-sequence power variation ΔP is less than ΔPset, it means the fault disappears that indicate instantaneous fault.

Step 3: LR is connected after the zero-sequence power variation ΔP is still greater than ΔPset. By judging the value of ΔP and ΔPset, it can identify the property of fault. If the zero-sequence power variation ΔP is greater than ΔPset, the fault still exits that illustrate it is permanent, which the protective device will operate to clear the fault collector line. The specific implementation steps are shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 3: Flowchart of protective operation

4  Analysis and Verification of Simulation

4.1 Construction of Simulation Model

The multi-mode grounding mountain wind farm simulation is established by PSCAD, as shown in Fig. 4. The main transformer capacity of the wind farm is 100 MVA that its connection mode is YNd, which the voltage level is 110 kV/35 kV. The rated capacity of the wind farm box transformer is 2.5 MW that its connection mode is Dyn, and the voltage level is 35 kV/0.69 kV. The capacity of DFIG is 2.0 MW, rated voltage/frequency are 0.69 kV/50 Hz, stator resistance/inductance are 0.0054 pu/0.10 pu, rotor resistance/inductance are 0.00607 pu/0.11 pu, respectively. The collector line in the mountain wind farm consisted of cables and overhead lines, which the parameter of zero-sequence and positive-sequence are listed in Table 1.

It is an ungrounded system by breaking S1; the neutral point is grounded via ASC by closing S1; when the S1 and S2 close simultaneously, ASC and LR can be connected into the system. The neutral point of the system passes through Z-type grounding transformer Tz to connect bus bar end, which is grounded via ASC L. The compensation model of ASC is over-compensated, and the sampling frequency of the system is 10 kHz.

Figure 4: Mountain wind farm simulation model

4.2 Analysis of Simulation Example

4.2.1 Permanent Fault

Supposed a permanent SLG fault occurs on collector line L1 in the ungrounded system, ZSV and ZSC are shown in Figs. 5a and 5b.

Figure 5: Variation characteristics of the zero-sequence component (a) ZSV (b) ZSC

As ZSV is detected in the ungrounded system, the data of 20 ms after the fault is selected to calculate the zero-sequence power variation. The zero-sequence power variation is 845 kW that is higher than the threshold value of protection ΔPset, it is predicted to be the instantaneous fault. ASC is put in 40 ms after the fault, and the data of 40–140 ms after the fault is selected to calculate the zero-sequence power variation, which is still greater than ΔPset. Therefore, LR is connected in 0.2 s after the fault, which the zero-sequence power variation is 603 kW that indicates the fault has no disappeared, and SLG fault is judged as a permanent fault.

4.2.2 Instantaneous Fault

Supposed an instantaneous fault occurs on collector line L1 in the ungrounded system, and ZSV and current are shown in Figs. 6a and 6b.

As ZSV is detected in the ungrounded system, the data of 20 ms after the fault is selected to calculate the zero-sequence power variation. The zero-sequence power variation is 783 kW that is higher than the threshold value of protection ΔPset, it is predicted to be an instantaneous fault. ASC is put in 40 ms after the fault, and the data of 40–140 ms after the fault is selected to calculate the zero-sequence power variation, zero-sequence power variation obtained by calculation is less than ΔPset, which indicates the fault has disappeared and SLG fault is judged as an instantaneous fault.

Figure 6: Variation characteristics of the zero-sequence component (a) ZSV (b) ZSC

4.2.3 Identification of Fault Property

To test the validity of the based on zero-sequence power variation protection, SLG under different fault resistance, fault distance and fault inception angle are set in different collector lines of the mountain wind farm simulation model, which the zero-sequence power variation of each collector line can be obtained and is listed in Tables 2–4.

With the increase of fault resistance, zero-sequence power variation of non-fault collector line and fault collector line gradually decrease, however, zero-sequence power variation of fault collector line is still higher than that of non-fault collector line. It can be seen that the zero-sequence power variation of the fault collector line is greater than the protection setting value ΔPset, the zero-sequence power variation of the non-fault collector line is significantly less than the protection setting value ΔPset. By the zero-sequence power variation as the characteristic quantity of protection to differentiate fault property, which protection can operate reliably.

In Tables 2–4, ‘▲’ indicates ASC is put into the system; ‘▼’ means ASC is not put into the system; ‘■’ denotes LR is put into the system; ‘□’ represents LR is not put into the system; ‘√’ expresses protective device operation and clears the fault; ‘×’ means the protective device locking.

Table 3 displays zero-sequence power variation and protection operation of each collector line under different fault distance. As a SLG occurs in different fault distance under different collector line, zero-sequence power variation of fault collector line is greater than the protection setting value ΔPset, while the zero-sequence power variation of non-fault collector line is less than ΔPset. It can be seen that proposed protection is independent from fault distance, which can effectively identify the fault property.

Table 4 shows zero-sequence power variation and protection operation of each collector line under different fault inception angle. Non-fault collector lines are less than the protection setting value ΔPset considering different fault inception angle, whereas fault collector line is still greater than ΔPset. It can be concluded that the proposed protection is not affected by the fault inception angle and has high reliability.

5  Conclusions

Through the analysis of ZSV and ZSC after SLG occurs in mountain wind farm based on multi-mode grounding, a zero-sequence power variation protection method is proposed that is applicable to the collector line of the mountain wind farm. The effectiveness of zero-sequence power variation protection is verified by simulation, the following conclusions are obtained.

(1)   The protection criterion is constructed and based on the fact that the zero-sequence power variation of non-fault collector line is small, while the zero-sequence power variation of fault collector line can reflect the active power component of fault resistance.

(2)   The multi-mode grounding in the mountain wind farm is conducive to the disappearance of the instantaneous fault so that the protection will not mal-operation; when high impedance grounding fault occurs, the protection will not refuse to operate; it can improve the reliability of protection.

(3)   The proposed protection criterion only needs ZSV and ZSC of each collector lines before and after the fault, which is easy to realize in the multi-mode grounding of the mountain wind farm.

(4)   Based on zero-sequence power variation protection is verified by the simulation results, which can efficiently differentiate fault property and reliably protect the fault collector line and that is not affected by operating conditions such as fault resistant, fault distance, and inception time.

Acknowledgement: The authors gratefully acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51667010 and 51807085), and the support of the Major Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province (202002AF080001).

Funding Statement: This paper is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundations of China, and the Major Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province under Grant Nos. 51667010, 51807085, and 202002AF080001.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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