Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing DOI:10.32604/iasc.2023.028889 | [picture]
Article |

A Novel Outlier Detection with Feature Selection Enabled Streaming Data Classification

R. Rajakumar¹,* and S. Sathiya Devi²

1 Anna University, Chennai, 600025, India
2 University College of Engineering, BIT Campus, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
Corresponding Author: R. Rajakumar. Email: rrkjournal@gmail.com
Received: 20 February 2022; Accepted: 29 March 2022

Abstract: Due to the advancements in information technologies, massive quantity of data is being produced by social media, smartphones, and sensor devices. The investigation of data stream by the use of machine learning (ML) approaches to address regression, prediction, and classification problems have received considerable interest. At the same time, the detection of anomalies or outliers and feature selection (FS) processes becomes important. This study develops an outlier detection with feature selection technique for streaming data classification, named ODFST-SDC technique. Initially, streaming data is pre-processed in two ways namely categorical encoding and null value removal. In addition, Local Correlation Integral (LOCI) is used which is significant in the detection and removal of outliers. Besides, red deer algorithm (RDA) based FS approach is employed to derive an optimal subset of features. Finally, kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) classifier is used for streaming data classification. The design of LOCI based outlier detection and RDA based FS shows the novelty of the work. In order to assess the classification outcomes of the ODFST-SDC technique, a series of simulations were performed using three benchmark datasets. The experimental results reported the promising outcomes of the ODFST-SDC technique over the recent approaches.

Keywords: Streaming data classification; outlier removal; feature selection; machine learning; metaheuristics

1  Introduction

With the advancement in information technologies, huge volume of information is produced via sensor devices, social networks, and mobile phones. Streaming data is a series of information that arrives at the system in a changing and continuous manner. Streaming data has certain features like timely ordered, huge, potentially infinite, and rapidly changing in length [1]. Thus, the traditional mining approach should be enhanced to execute in the streaming platform, whereby the data change intermittently. Moreover, concept drift becomes very challenging in data stream [2]. Certain problems related to data stream mining include clustering, data stream classification, load shedding, sliding window computation, and frequent pattern mining [3]. The data arrives at a high speed and the conventional data mining (DM) approach could not manage those streaming information. Thus, the classification method must be adapted for handling the changes in information. Data stream classifiers might be ensemble models or single incremental models. The analysis of data stream using machine learning (ML) method to resolve prediction, regression, and classification issues is gaining considerable interest [4]. Frequent causes of nonstationary behaviour, named concept drift, are sensor or component aging, seasonality effect, user’s interest drift or operation mode changes, and thermal drift. While facing nonstationary environment, the problem of adopting ML model becomes crucial. Thus, it is essential to develop efficient solution to solve the issue that exists in the data stream [5].

Recently, anomaly detection in real-time computer networks become increasingly difficult task because of the continuous increase of high dimensional, high-volume, and high-speed data streams, where ground truth data is unavailable [6]. Effective detection scheme needs to be faster and should be able to deal with concept drift [7]. Various techniques for unsupervised online outlier detection were introduced for handling this circumstance to reliably identify malicious activities. The important application of ML has favoured the recognition of network-based attacks changes their behaviour autonomously and dynamically [8]. Especially, unsupervised outlier detection (OD) algorithm assist uncovers policy violation or noisy instance as indicator of attack by observing deviation in high-volume and high dimensional information without needing prior knowledge. But the ubiquity of constantly generated data stream across many fields in distinct applications possess a major problem to offline. Moreover, legitimate changes in data could take place over time, named concept drift that needs to update a model for counteracting less accurate prediction as time passes [9]. Currently, various OD solutions were introduced that is capable of computing anomaly scores while handling data stream [10].

Since none of the earlier works have focused on the outlier detection with feature selection (FS) process for streaming data classification, this study develops an outlier detection with FS technique for streaming data classification, named ODFST-SDC technique. Primarily, streaming data is pre-processed in two ways namely categorical encoding and null value removal. In addition, Local Correlation Integral (LOCI) is used which is significant in the detection and removal of outliers. Besides, red deer algorithm (RDA) based FS approach is employed to derive an optimal subset of features. Finally, kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) classifier is used for streaming data classification. The design of LOCI based outlier detection and RDA based FS shows the novelty of the work. For assessing the enhanced streamlining data classification results of the ODFST-SDC technique, a wide range of simulations were carried out against three benchmark datasets.

2  Literature Review

Benjelloun et al. [11] improved the ability to identify outliers of distance-based algorithm and micro-cluster-based algorithm (MCOD). This is by adding a layer named LiCS that categorizes k-nearest neighbor (KNN) of nodes according to the evolutionary conditions. This layer aggregates the result and utilizes a threshold count for classifying nodes. Yang et al. [12] designed a service selection model for selecting and configuring anomaly detection scheme (ADS) at run-time. In the initial phase, a genetic algorithm-based FS method and a time-series feature extractor (Tsfresh) are employed for swiftly extracting main feature that acts as representation for the data stream pattern. In addition, data stream and effectual algorithm are gathered as previous information. A faster classification method based extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) is trained for recording data stream features to identify proper ADS dynamically at run-time.

Heigl et al. [13] proposed an approach for Unsupervised FS for Streaming Outlier Detection (UFSSOD) that is capable of performing unsupervised FS for the aim of OD on data stream. Moreover, it is capable of determining the number of top k features by clustering the score value. To construct a strong classification method and overcome the labelling bottleneck, a semi-supervised model has been introduced in [14]. Afterward being primed with smaller number of labelled information, the presented approach can able to self-update the meta-parameter from unlabeled data stream chunks in a non-iterated way by exploiting a pseudo-labeling approach. Bertini Junior et al. [15] proposed an ensemble-based approach for classification tasks. It is based on employing boosting to new batch of data aiming at preserving the ensemble by adding some amount of base learners that is determined as a function of the present ensemble accuracy rate.

Gu et al. [16] proposed a self organizing fuzzy inference ensemble architecture. Since the base learner of the presented method, the self organizing fuzzy inference scheme can bale to self-learn a transparent from data stream on chunk wise via human interpretable method. Amutha et al. [17] categorized anomalies in streaming PMU data by taking each feature with supervised and clustering ensemble methods into account. Now, the study utilizes random forest that is a supervised ensemble-based method. Then, the mode or average of each output of individual tree is stated as the final output for certain information. An architecture is presented for classifying and detecting the outliers in the streaming phasor measurement unit (PMU) data with the clustering approach.

3  The Proposed Model

In this study, a new ODFST-SDC model has been presented for streaming data classification. The proposed ODFST-SDC technique incorporates different processes namely pre-processing, LOCI based outlier removal, RDA based FS, and KELM based classification.

At the initial stage, the streaming data is pre-processed in such way that the categorical encoding and null value removal process is carried out. Secondly, the RDA is applied to indicate an optimal subset of features and finally, KELM model is utilized for streaming data classification. Fig. 1 demonstrates the overall workflow of proposed ODFST-SDC technique.

Figure 1: Overall process of ODFST-SDC technique

3.1 LOCI Enabled Outlier Detection

During the outlier removal process, the pre-processed streaming data is passed into the LOCI model which effectively detects and removes outliers. LOCI calculates a counting neighborhood to nn nearest observation, whereas the radius has equivalent to outermost observations. In the counting neighborhood, all observations have a sampling neighborhood of that the size has defined as the alpha input parameter. LOCI returns an outlier score dependent upon the standard deviation of sampling neighbourhood is named as multi-granularity deviation factor (MDEF). The LOCI operation is helpful to outlier detection from clusters and other multi-dimensional fields [18].

•   Large sampling neighborhood: To all points and counting radius, the sampling neighborhood was chosen that huge sufficient to comprise sufficient samples. It can be select α = 1/2 from every exact computation, and it is classically utilized α = 1/16 from LOCI to robustness

•   Full-scale: The MDEF value is studied to a wide range of sampling radii. In other terms, the maximal sampling radius is rmax ≈ α−1RP (that equals to maximal counting radius of RP). The minimal sampling radius rmin has dependent upon the count of objects from the sampling neighborhood.

•   Standard deviation based flagging: The point can be denoted as outlier when some r∈[rmin,rmax] their MDEF is appropriately huge, i.e.,

MDEF(pi,r,α)>kσσMDEF(pi,r,α)

3.2 Design of RDA Based Feature Selection

Once the outliers are removed, the next step is to derive an optimum feature subset using RDA. The RDA is similar to other meta-heuristics, starts with an arbitrary population that is red deers (RDs) counterpart. An optimum RDs from the population is selected and dubbed the “male Red Deers (MRD)”, but the remainder was dubbed “hinds” [19]. The iterative performance of technique was projected. To mathematical process the RDA begins with Eq. (1) whereas a primary population to the RDs are generated:

RD=X1,X2,X3,…,XNvar (1)

Afterward, the fitness of all the members from the population is computed based on Eq. (2):

Value=f(RD)=f(X1,X2,X3,…,XNvar) (2)

MRDs are attempt for boosting their grace by roaring under this stage. Thus the outcome, the roaring procedure can succeed/fail. When the main function of neighbors is MRD, it can be exchanged by the forecasting when it can be superior to the preceding MRD. The subsequent data is offered for keeping males up to speed on its status. The subsequent formula is presented:

malenew={maleold+a1(UB−LB)∗a2+LB),ifa3≥0.5maleold−a1((UB−LB)∗a2+LB),ifa3<0.5islessthan0 (3)

UB and LB limits the searching space for developing appropriate male neighborhood solutions. The top as well as lower boundaries of searching space. Noticeable the current place of MRD is maleold , and their next place is malenew . The amount of male commanders are calculated as follows:

Nc=round(γ. Nmale) (4)

where NC refers the amount of commanders which in nature males, γ signifies the arbitrary number amongst zero and one, and Nmale represents the amount of entire males. It can be worth noticeable γ refers the technique methods start value. It is value range of [0–1]. At last, the amount of stags are evaluated utilizing the subsequent equation:

Ns=Nmale−Nc (5)

The fighting procedure is modeled by the succeeding 2 mathematical equations:

new1=C+S2+b1((UB−LB)∗b2+LB) (6)

new2=(C+S)/2−b1((UB−LB)∗b2+LB) (7)

The 2 novel solutions established by fighting procedure are new1 and new2 . The symbol to commander and stag correspondingly, are C and S. UB and LB the fixed upper limit on possibility of novel solutions. For procedure harems group, it can be divided hinds amongst commander for constructing harems:

Vn=vn−maxvi (8)

where Vn refers the normalization value of nth commander power, and vn signifies the power of nth commander. The succeeding formula is utilized for calculating commander normalization power.

Pn=|Vn∑i=1ai⁡Vi| (9)

The count of hinds of a harem is computed as:

N.haremn=round(Pn⋅Nhind) (10)

where Nhind refers the entire amount of hinds. It can be deer mating performance was implemented as a commander with percentage of hinds from his harem.

N.haremnmate=round(α⋅N. haremn) (11)

The count of hinds from the nth harem which mate with its leader is N. haremnmate . With respect to the solution spaces, it can be select N. haremnmate of N. haremk at arbitrary. Generally, the mating procedure has explained as:

offs=C+Hind2+(UB−LB)×c (12)

It can be picked a harem at arbitrary (call it k) and allows the male commander for mating with β percent of harem hinds. Actually, for expanding his region, the commanders are launching an attack on another harem. Let β is the technique model primary parameter value with range of values amongst 0 and 1. The amount of hinds from the harem which mate with commander is computed utilizing the subsequent equation:

N.haremkmate=round(β⋅N. haremk) (13)

where N.haremkmate refers the amount of hinds from the kth harem which mate with commanders. It can be worth stating that the mating process was executed utilizing Eq. (12). The distance amongst a stag and every hind from J dimensional space is calculated as [19]:

di={∑j˙eJ⁡(stagj˙−hindj˙i)2}1/2 (14)

where di stands for the distance amongst the ith hind and stag. Thus, the hind picked was signified as the minimal value from this matrix. The mating technique starts after a hind was selected. During this computation, a stag has been assumed rather than a commander [20]. Fig. 2 depicts the flowchart of RDA.

Figure 2: RDA flowchart

The RDA aims to choose a set of features from any dataset with the size of NS×NF where NS denotes sample count and NF indicates feature count. The major intention of the FS issue is the selection of optimum features S from total number of features (NF) where < NF . It can be accomplished by the minimization of objective function, as given below.

Fit=λ×γS+(1−λ)×(|S|NF) (15)

where γS denotes classification error by the use of S and |S| represents chosen feature count. λ can be utilized for achieving tradeoff among (|S|NP) and γS.

3.3 Process Involved in KELM Based Classification

At the final classification process, the chosen features are applied to the KELM model to classify streaming data. Extreme learning machine (ELM) is established as a general classification model which needs minimum human interference [21]. Assume that dataset S=(uk,tk)k=1JK where uk implies the input feature vector of sizes M×1 , tk refers the target vector of size 1×1 , at this point, tk=1 or and K signifies the count of elements from the data set. During the ELM, the input feature vectors have non-linearly mapping to ELM feature space provided as h(uk)=[h1(uk),h2(uk),…,hi(uk),…,hL(uk)]T of size L×1 . The resultant of ELM is provided as:

f(uk)=∑i=1L⁡hi(uk)βi=hT(pk)β (16)

where β=[β1)β2)βi)βL]T defines the weight vector equivalent to resultant layer. Generally, it is formulated as:

f(u)=Hβ (17)

where f(u)=[f1(u),f2(u),…,fk(u),…,fK(u)]T is resultant vector and

H=[hT(u1)hT(u2)⋮hT(uk)⋮hT(uK)]=[h1(u1)⋯hL(u1)⋮⋮⋮h1(uk)…hL(uk)⋮⋮⋮h1(uK)⋯hL(uk)] (18)

The resultant weight vector of ELM is evaluated by minimizing the function provided as:

ξ=12||β||22+C2∑k=1K⁡||ηk||2 (19)

relating to β . In Eq. (19), ||⋅||2 refers the l2 norm of β ) C signifies the regularized parameter tuned by user, and ηk=tk−f(uk) is the learning error. The aforementioned minimized was executed subject to state that h(uk)β=tk−ηk) and the outcome is provided as:

β=HT(1CIK+HHT)−1T (20)

where IK indicates the identity matrix of size K×K and T=[t1,t2,…,tK]T . Related to SVM, it is utilize kernel function from ELM rather than feature vector h(u); this difference is named Kernel ELM ( K -ELM). In K -ELM, the outcome is provided as:

f(u)=[κ(u,u1),κ(u,u2),…,κ(u,uk),κ(u,uK)]T

(1CIK+HHT)−1T (21)

whereas κ(u,uk) refers the kernel functions. It is utilized a Gaussian kernel κ(u,v)=exp(−γ||x−y||) , whereas γ signifies the width of Gaussian kernels. The weight amongst the input as well as hidden layers were arbitrarily allocated, but the weight (β) to output, layer is computed. It can be utilized a grid searching method for achieving optimum performance. As specified by ELM model some non-linear piece-wise continuous operation was utilized as non-linear mapping function h(⋅) so as to ELM is estimated some continuous target function.

4  Experimental Validation

In this section, the experimental validation of the ODFST-SDC model is carried out using three benchmark datasets namely CICIDS 2018 (https://www.kaggle.com/solarmainframe/ids-intrusion-csv), KDDCup 1999 (https://www.kaggle.com/galaxyh/kdd-cup-1999-data), and NSL KDD (https://www.kaggle.com/hassan06/nslkdd) datasets. The proposed model is simulated using Python tool.

In this study, the CICIDS 2018 dataset with three classes (with 1000 instances each) is employed namely benign, FTP-Brute Foreca, and SSH-Brute force. After outlier removal process, the number of instances under benign, FTP-Brute Foreca, and SSH-Brute force classes becomes 992, 874, and 987. Besides, the ODFST-SDC model has offered 21 chosen features out of 80 features. They are Dst Port, Protocol, Flow Duration, Tot Fwd Pkts, Tot Bwd Pkts, TotLen Fwd Pkts, TotLen Bwd Pkts, Fwd Pkt Len Max, Fwd Pkt Len Min, Fwd Pkt Len Mean, Fwd Pkt Len Std, Bwd Pkt Len Max, Bwd Pkt Len Min, Bwd Pkt Len Mean, Bwd Pkt Len Std, Flow Byts/s, Flow Pkts/s, Flow IAT Mean, Flow IAT Std, Flow IAT Max, Flow IAT Min.

Besides, the KDD-Cup 1999 dataset holds samples under four classes namely normal, denial of service (DoS), Probe, and root to local (R2L). Each class label comprises a total of 750 instances. Once the outliers are removed, the number of instances becomes 638, 575, 748, and 720 namely normal, DoS, Probe, and R2L classes respectively. Besides, the number of chosen features is 5 out of 41 and they are protocol_type, service, flag, src_bytes, dst_bytes, and land. Finally, the NSL-KDD dataset also includes four classes namely normal, DoS, Probe, and R2L. Each class label comprises a total of 750 instances. After outlier removal process, the number of instances under normal, DoS, probe, and R2L classes becomes 624, 671, 540, and 440 respectively. In addition, a set of 17 features are elected out of 42 features. They are protocol_type, service, flag, src_bytes, dst_bytes, land, wrong_fragment, urgent, hot, num_failed_logins, logged_in, num_compromised, root_shell, su_attempted, num_root, num_file_creations, num_shells.

Fig. 3 represents the convergence curve examination of the ODFST-SDC model on three datasets. The figures reported that the ODFST-SDC model has exhibited effective convergence on all the applied datasets. Once the outlier removal process is carried out data, the streaming data is split into n number of chunks where each chunk holds 5% of streaming data.

Figure 3: Convergence analysis (a) CICIDS 2018 Dataset (b) KDDCup 99 Dataset (c) NSL-KDD Dataset

The confusion matrices created by the ODFST-SDC model under three distinct dataset is portrayed in Fig. 4. Fig. 4a displays that the ODFST-SDC model has classified the CICIDS 2018 dataset with R884, 847, and 987 instances under benign, FTP-BruteForce, and SSH-BruteForce classes respectively. Fig. 4b illustrates that the ODFST-SDC model has classified the KDDCup 99 dataset with 626, 574, 736, and 718 instances under normal, dos, probe, and r2l classes respectively. Fig. 4c reports that the ODFST-SDC model has classified the NSL-KDD dataset with ROC values of 583, 611, 511, and 438 instances under normal, dos, probe, and r2l classes respectively.

Figure 4: Confusion matrix (a) CICIDS 2018 dataset (b) KDDCup 99 dataset (c) NSL-KDD dataset

A comprehensive precision-recall curve inspection of the ODFST-SDC model under three distinct datasets is portrayed in Fig. 5. The results indicated that the ODFST-SDC model has the ability to classify streaming data under all datasets. It is noticed that the precision-recall values attained by the ODFST-SDC model are found to be high in all datasets.

Figure 5: Precision recall curve (a) CICIDS 2018 dataset (b) KDDCup 99 dataset (c) NSL-KDD dataset

Fig. 6 illustrates a set of ROC curves generated by the ODFST-SDC model on the classification of three distinct datasets. Fig. 6a shows that the ODFST-SDC model has classified the CICIDS 2018 dataset with ROC values of 0.9991, 1.0, and 0.9735 under benign, FTP-BruteForce, and SSH-BruteForce classes respectively. Fig. 6b displays that the ODFST-SDC model has classified the KDDCup 99 dataset with ROC values of 0.9984, 0.9999, 0.996, and 0.9975 under normal, dos, probe, and r2l classes respectively. Fig. 6c indicates that the ODFST-SDC model has classified the NSL-KDD dataset with ROC values of 0.9892, 0.9851, 0.966, and 0.9957 under normal, dos, probe, and r2l classes respectively.

Figure 6: ROC analysis (a) CICIDS 2018 dataset (b) KDDCup 99 dataset (c) NSL-KDD dataset

Tab. 1 reports the overall classification outcomes offered by the ODFST-SDC model on three benchmark datasets interms of different measures. Fig. 7 depicts the accuy , precn , and recal examination of the ODFST-SDC model on three datasets. The figure illustrated that the ODFST-SDC model has resulted in enhanced classification performance on every dataset. For instance, with CICIDS dataset, the ODFST-SDC model has reached accuy , precn , and recal of 95.27%, 95.99%, and 95.34% respectively. Followed by, with KDDCup 99 dataset, the ODFST-SDC model has achieved accuy , precn , and recal of 98.99%, 99.03%, and 99.02% respectively. Similarly, with NSL-KDD dataset, the ODFST-SDC model has resulted to accuy , precn , and recal of 94.20%, 94.59%, and 94.67% respectively.

Figure 7: Result analysis of ODFST-SDC technique interms of distinct measures

Fig. 8 portrays the Fscore and ROCscore inspection of the ODFST-SDC model on three datasets. The figure illustrated that the ODFST-SDC model has reached improved classification performance on every dataset. For instance, with CICIDS dataset, the ODFST-SDC model has accomplished Fscore and ROCscore of 95.42% and 99.09% respectively. In line with, with KDDCup 99 dataset, the ODFST-SDC model has exhibited Fscore and ROCscore of 99.02% and 99.79% respectively. Likewise, with NSL-KDD dataset, the ODFST-SDC model has achieved Fscore and ROCscore of 94.51% and 98.407% respectively.

Figure 8: F1score and ROC analysis of ODFST-SDC technique

Tab. 2 offers a detailed comparative accuy examination of the ODFST-SDC model with recent methods. The results indicated that the network intrusion detection with gradient boosting (NID-GB) and cuckoo search with particle swarm optimization (CS-PSO) techniques have reached to lower accuy values of 84.25% and 75.51% respectively. At the same time, the Gaussian and hybrid intrusion detection with deep neural network (HID-DNN) models have resulted in slightly improved accuy values of 91.06% and 92.03% respectively. Moreover, the fuzzy c-means (FCM) model has reached near optimal accuy of 95.19%. However, the ODFST-SDC model has accomplished better results with the higher accuy of 95.27%.

Tab. 3 provides a comprehensive comparison accuy study of the ODFST-SDC model with existing techniques on KDDCup dataset. The experimental values reported that the optimal clustering with support vector machine (OC-SVM), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Gaussian techniques have obtained least accuy values of 91.80%, 89.60%, and 91.10% respectively. Followed by, the deep neural network with support vector machine (DNN-SVM) model has attained somewhat increased accuy values of 92%. In addition, the class imbalance with concept drift detection using Adadelta optimizer-based deep neural networks (CIDD-ADODNN) model has demonstrated competitive accuy of 95.90%. But the ODFST-SDC model has surpassed the other ones with higher accuy of 98.99%.

Tab. 4 exhibit a brief comparative accuy examination of the ODFST-SDC model with recent methods on NSL KDD dataset [22,23]. The experimental values implied that the DLANID-TAL and DLANID-FAL techniques have demonstrated ineffectual outcomes with accuy values of 89.22% and 85.42% respectively.

Along with that, the MOPF and SVC-KPCA models have portrayed certainly enhanced accuy values of 91.74% and 93.40% respectively. Furthermore, the AMGA2-NB model has reached near optimal accuy of 94%. However, the ODFST-SDC model has showcased superior results with the higher accuy of 94.20%. The enhanced performance of the ODFST-SDC model is due to the inclusion of LOCI based outlier removal and RDA based feature selection process.

5  Conclusion

In this study, a novel ODFST-SDC approach was developed for streaming data classification. The proposed ODFST-SDC technique incorporates different processes namely pre-processing, LOCI based outlier detection, RDA based FS, and KELM based classification. Firstly, the streaming data is pre-processed in such way that the categorical encoding and null value removal process is carried out. Next, the RDA is applied to choose an optimal subset of features and finally, KELM method is utilized for streaming data classification. The application of LOCI based outlier removal and RDA based election of features help to considerably improve the streaming data classification outcomes. For assessing the enhanced streamlining data classification results of the ODFST-SDC technique, a wide range of simulations were carried out against three benchmark datasets. The experimental results reported the promising outcomes of the ODFST-SDC technique over the recent approaches with maximum accuracy of 94.20% on NSL-KDD dataset. In future, concept drift problem can be handled in the streaming data classification process.

Funding Statement: The authors received no specific funding for this study.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study.

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