Open Access
ISSN:0199-8595 (print)
ISSN:1546-0118 (online)
Publication Frequency:Monthly
Energy Engineering is an open access peer-reviewed journal dedicating to engineering aspects of energy. It aims to invite researchers, engineers, scientists, technologist, planners, and policy makers to present their original research results and findings on all important energy topics. The topics considered include energy generation, conversion, conservation, utilization, storage, transmission, system, technologies, management, and sustainability. The studies of the impacts of energy use and energy policy are also welcomed.
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3433-3457, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.065955 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Renewable Energy Systems: Integrating Machine Learning for Enhanced Efficiency and Optimization)
Abstract Malaysia, as one of the highest producers of palm oil globally and one of the largest exporters, has a huge potential to use palm oil waste to generate electricity since an abundance of waste is produced during the palm oil extraction process. In this paper, we have first examined and compared the use of palm oil waste as biomass for electricity generation in different countries with reference to Malaysia. Some areas with default accessibility in rural areas, like those in Sabah and Sarawak, require a cheap and reliable source of electricity. Palm oil waste possesses… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3459-3485, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066629 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integration of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Sustainable Development)
Abstract In response to the issue of determining the appropriate capacity when hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) collaborate with thermal power units (TPU) in the system’s secondary frequency regulation, a configuration method for HESS based on the analysis of frequency regulation demand analysis is proposed. And a corresponding simulation platform is developed. Firstly, a frequency modulation demand method for reducing the frequency modulation losses of TPU is proposed. Secondly, taking into comprehensive consideration that flywheel energy storage features rapid power response and battery energy storage has the characteristic of high energy density, a coordinated control strategy… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3487-3505, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067422 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Modelling, Optimisation and Forecasting of Photovoltaic and Photovoltaic thermal System Energy Production)
Abstract This study investigates the complex heat transfer dynamics in multilayer bifacial photovoltaic (bPV) solar modules under spectrally resolved solar irradiation. A novel numerical model is developed to incorporate internal heat generation resulting from optical absorption, grounded in the physical equations governing light-matter interactions within the module’s multilayer structure. The model accounts for reflection and transmission at each interface between adjacent layers, as well as absorption within individual layers, using the wavelength-dependent dielectric properties of constituent materials. These properties are used to calculate the spectral reflectance, transmittance, and absorption coefficients, enabling precise quantification of internal heat… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3507-3523, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.065579 - 26 August 2025
Abstract In the realm of all-electric aircraft research, the integration of cathode-open proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) with lithium batteries as a hybrid power source for small to medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has garnered significant attention. The PEMFC, serving as the primary energy supply, markedly extends the UAV’s operational endurance. However, due to payload limitations and spatial constraints in the airframe layout of UAVs, the stack requires customized adaptation. Moreover, the implementation of auxiliary systems to facilitate cold starts of the PEMFC under low-temperature conditions is not feasible. Relying solely on thermal insulation measures… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3525-3553, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067902 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advancements in Energy Efficiency and Thermal Management for Data Center)
Abstract The growth of computing power in data centers (DCs) leads to an increase in energy consumption and noise pollution of air cooling systems. Chip-level cooling with high-efficiency coolant is one of the promising methods to address the cooling challenge for high-power devices in DCs. Hybrid nanofluid (HNF) has the advantages of high thermal conductivity and good rheological properties. This study summarizes the numerical investigations of HNFs in mini/micro heat sinks, including the numerical methods, hydrothermal characteristics, and enhanced heat transfer technologies. The innovations of this paper include: (1) the characteristics, applicable conditions, and scenarios of… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3555-3572, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067027 - 26 August 2025
Abstract With the rapid integration of renewable energy sources, modern power systems are increasingly challenged by heightened volatility and uncertainty. Doubly-fed variable-speed pumped storage units (DFVS-PSUs) have emerged as promising technologies for mitigating grid oscillations and enhancing system flexibility. However, the excitation converters in DFVS-PSUs are prone to significant issues such as elevated common-mode voltage (CMV) and neutral-point voltage (NPV) fluctuations, which can lead to electromagnetic interference and degrade transient performance. To address these challenges, an optimized virtual space vector pulse width modulation (OVSVPWM) strategy is proposed, aiming to suppress CMV and NPV simultaneously through coordinated… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3573-3593, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067785 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Construction and Control Technologies of Renewable Power Systems Based on Grid-Forming Energy Storage)
Abstract The increasing penetration of second-life battery energy storage systems (SLBESS) in power grids presents substantial challenges to system operation and control due to the heterogeneous characteristics and uncertain degradation patterns of repurposed batteries. This paper presents a novel model-free adaptive voltage control-embedded dung beetle-inspired heuristic optimization algorithm for optimal SLBESS capacity configuration and power dispatch. To simultaneously address the computational complexity and ensure system stability, this paper develops a comprehensive bilevel optimization framework. At the upper level, a dung beetle optimization algorithm determines the optimal SLBESS capacity configuration by minimizing total lifecycle costs while incorporating… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3595-3608, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067982 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrated Renewable Energy Systems for Heating, Cooling, Power Generation and Energy Management)
Abstract This study investigates the feasibility and efficiency of geothermal energy for heating applications in Azerbaijan, with a specific focus on the Khachmaz region. Despite the country’s growing interest in sustainable energy, limited research has addressed the potential of ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems under local climatic and soil conditions. To address this gap, the study employs GeoT*SOL simulation to evaluate system performance, incorporating site-specific parameters such as soil thermal conductivity, heating demand profiles, and regional weather data. The results show that the GSHP system achieves a maximum seasonal performance factor (SPF) of 5.62 and an… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3609-3624, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066880 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Grid Integration and Electrical Engineering of Wind Energy Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Applications)
Abstract As the core facility of offshore wind power systems, the structural safety of offshore booster stations directly impacts the stable operation of entire wind farms. With the global energy transition toward green and low-carbon goals, offshore wind power has emerged as a key renewable energy source, yet its booster stations face harsh marine environments, including persistent wave impacts, salt spray corrosion, and equipment-induced vibrations. Traditional monitoring methods relying on manual inspections and single-dimensional sensors suffer from critical limitations: low efficiency, poor real-time performance, and inability to capture millinewton-level stress fluctuations that signal early structural fatigue.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3625-3646, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067159 - 26 August 2025
Abstract Since lithium-ion batteries have been put into use, the recession of work cycle efficiency at low temperatures has received widespread attention. In this paper, we investigated the effect of low temperature (−5°C, 0°C, 5°C) environments on the performance of lithium-ion batteries, which are well-known for their excellent discharge performance, cycle life, and safety. However, lithium-ion batteries exhibit significant capacity degradation at low temperatures, especially at 0°C, losing availability after only 10 cycles. Therefore, we conducted cycle degradation tests at 1C discharge and 100% charge-discharge conditions. In this paper, we analyzed the surface morphology, structure, and More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3647-3679, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067035 - 26 August 2025
Abstract A park hydrogen-doped integrated energy system (PHIES) can maximize energy utilization as a system with multiple supplies. To realize win-win cooperation between the PHIES and active distribution network (ADN), the cooperative operation problem of multi-PHIES connected to the same ADN is studied. A low-carbon hybrid game coordination strategy for multi-PHIES accessing ADN based on dynamic carbon base price is proposed in the paper. Firstly, multi-PHIES are constructed to form a PHIES alliance, including a hydrogen-doped gas turbine (HGT), hydrogen-doped gas boiler (HGB), power to gas and carbon capture system (P2G-CCS), and other equipment. Secondly, a… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3681-3702, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.068656 - 26 August 2025
Abstract Hydrogen fuel cell ships are one of the key solutions to achieving zero carbon emissions in shipping. Multi-fuel cell stacks (MFCS) systems are frequently employed to fulfill the power requirements of high-load power equipment on ships. Compared to single-stack system, MFCS may be difficult to apply traditional energy management strategies (EMS) due to their complex structure. In this paper, a two-layer power allocation strategy for MFCS of a hydrogen fuel cell ship is proposed to reduce the complexity of the allocation task by splitting it into each layer of the EMS. The first layer of… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3703-3718, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066620 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrated Technology Development and Application of Wind Power Systems)
Abstract As a new dynamic reactive power compensator, the grid-forming Static Var Generator (GF-SVG) can not only provide reactive power-voltage support, but also has inertial support capability. It has been experimentally deployed in many wind farms. However, studies have shown that when the three-phase short-circuit fault occurs in the wind farm, the transient overcurrent during the fault occurrence and fault clearance is suppressed, making it difficult for GF-SVG to use traditional fixed virtual impedance. Aiming at the problem, firstly, the influence of virtual reactance on control stability is analyzed using the GF-SVG’s current open-loop transfer function.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3719-3736, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066971 - 26 August 2025
Abstract To improve the fault diagnosis accuracy of a PV grid-connected inverter, a PV grid-connected inverter data diagnosis method based on MPA-VMD-PSO-BiLSTM is proposed. Firstly, unlike the traditional VMD algorithm which relies on manual experience to set parameters (e.g., noise tolerance, penalty parameter, number of decompositions), this paper achieves adaptive optimization of parameters through MPA algorithm to avoid the problem of feature information loss caused by manual parameter tuning, and adopts the improved VMD algorithm for feature extraction of DC-side voltage data signals of PV-grid-connected inverters; and then, adopts the PSO algorithm for the Then, the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3737-3752, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067938 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrated Technology Development and Application of Wind Power Systems)
Abstract Currently, renewable energy has been broadly implemented across diverse sectors, particularly evidenced by its substantially higher integration levels in power systems. The large-scale integration of renewable energy resources introduces distinct fault characteristics into power grids, potentially rendering traditional line protection schemes inadequate for transmission lines interfacing with these sources. Therefore, it is imperative to study line protection methods unaffected by the integration of renewable energy resources. After analyzing the propagation process of the fault traveling wave along the transmission line, a non-unit protection based on traveling wave distance measurement is proposed. The core principle of… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3753-3792, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.065241 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovative Strategies for Energy-Efficient Buildings in a Sustainable Future)
Abstract Although currently, a large part of the existing buildings is considered inefficient in terms of energy, the ability to save energy consumption up to 80% has been proven in residential and commercial buildings. Also, carbon dioxide is one of the most important greenhouse gases contributing to climate change and is responsible for 60% of global warming. The facade of the building, as the main intermediary between the interior and exterior spaces, plays a significant role in adjusting the weather conditions and providing thermal comfort to the residents. In this research, 715 different scenarios were defined… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3793-3816, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.069410 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Revolution in Energy Systems: Hydrogen and Beyond)
Abstract With the intensification of the energy crisis and the worsening greenhouse effect, the development of sustainable integrated energy systems (IES) has become a crucial direction for energy transition. In this context, this paper proposes a low-carbon economic dispatch strategy under the green hydrogen certificate trading (GHCT) and the ladder-type carbon emission trading (CET) mechanism, enabling the coordinated utilization of green and blue hydrogen. Specifically, a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEME) model that accounts for dynamic efficiency characteristics, and a steam methane reforming (SMR) model incorporating waste heat recovery, are developed. Based on these models, a… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3817-3838, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066491 - 26 August 2025
Abstract To address the challenges of fault line identification and low detection accuracy of wave head in Fault Location (FL) research of distribution networks with complex topologies, this paper proposes an FL method of Multi-Branch distribution line based on Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT) combined with the improved Teager Energy Operator (TEO). Firstly, the current and voltage Traveling Wave (TW) signals at the head of each line are extracted, and the fault-induced components are obtained to determine the fault line by analyzing the polarity of the mutation amount of fault voltage and current TWs. Subsequently,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3839-3866, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.068586 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovative Strategies for Energy-Efficient Buildings in a Sustainable Future)
Abstract Air conditioning (AC) is essential for maintaining indoor comfort during Taiwan’s hot and humid summers but significantly contributes to increased energy consumption. This study evaluates the effects of AC duty-cycling strategies on energy performance, thermal comfort, and operational costs in office environments. Duty-cycling was implemented using a building energy management system (BEMS), which remotely controlled the ON/OFF cycles of AC units. Five duty-cycling modes were tested, with some modes incorporating air circulation during OFF periods. Field measurements of energy consumption, temperature, humidity, and air velocity were conducted and integrated with thermal comfort analysis tools to… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.9, pp. 3867-3890, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.068062 - 26 August 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integration of Renewable Energies with the Grid: An Integrated Study of Solar, Wind, Storage, Electric Vehicles, PV and Wind Materials and AI-Driven Technologies)
Abstract Traditional demand response (DR) programs for energy-intensive industries (EIIs) primarily rely on electricity price signals and often overlook carbon emission factors, limiting their effectiveness in supporting low-carbon transitions. To address this challenge, this paper proposes an electricity–carbon integrated DR strategy based on a bi-level collaborative optimization framework that coordinates the interaction between the grid and EIIs. At the upper level, the grid operator minimizes generation and curtailment costs by optimizing unit commitment while determining real-time electricity prices and dynamic carbon emission factors. At the lower level, EIIs respond to these dual signals by minimizing their… More >
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