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Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Machine Intelligence through Deep Transfer and Representational Learning

Fouzia Nawaz1, Muhammad Ramzan1, Khalid Mehmood1, Hikmat Ullah Khan2, Saleem Hayat Khan3,4, Muhammad Raheel Bhutta5,*

1 Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan and School of Systems and Technology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, 54782, Pakistan
2 Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
3 University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
4 Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan
5 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea

* Corresponding Author: Muhammad Raheel Bhutta. Email: email

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