Open Access

ARTICLE

Deep Learning-Enhanced Brain Tumor Prediction via Entropy-Coded BPSO in CIELAB Color Space

Mudassir Khalil¹, Muhammad Imran Sharif^2,*, Ahmed Naeem³, Muhammad Umar Chaudhry¹, Hafiz Tayyab Rauf^4,*, Adham E. Ragab⁵

1 Department of Computer Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
2 Department of Computer Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
3 Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
4 Centre for Smart Systems, AI and Cybersecurity, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2DE, UK
5 Industrial Engineering Department, Collage of Engineering, King Saud University, PO Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia

* Corresponding Authors: Muhammad Imran Sharif. Email: ; Hafiz Tayyab Rauf. Email: