Open Access

REVIEW

Bridging 2D and 3D Object Detection: Advances in Occlusion Handling through Depth Estimation

Zainab Ouardirhi^1,2,*, Mostapha Zbakh², Sidi Ahmed Mahmoudi¹

1 Computer and Management Engineering Department, UMONS Faculty of Engineering, Mons, 7000, Belgium
2 Communication Networks Department, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d’Informatique and Systems Analysis, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, 10000, Morocco

* Corresponding Author: Zainab Ouardirhi. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Signal Processing and Computer Vision)

Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025, 143(3), 2509-2571. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2025.064283

Received 11 February 2025; Accepted 16 May 2025; Issue published 30 June 2025

Abstract

Object detection in occluded environments remains a core challenge in computer vision (CV), especially in domains such as autonomous driving and robotics. While Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) object detection methods have made significant progress, they often fall short under severe occlusion due to depth ambiguities in 2D imagery and the high cost and deployment limitations of 3D sensors such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR). This paper presents a comparative review of recent 2D and 3D detection models, focusing on their occlusion-handling capabilities and the impact of sensor modalities such as stereo vision, Time-of-Flight (ToF) cameras, and LiDAR. In this context, we introduce FuDensityNet, our multimodal occlusion-aware detection framework that combines Red-Green-Blue (RGB) images and LiDAR data to enhance detection performance. As a forward-looking direction, we propose a monocular depth-estimation extension to FuDensityNet, aimed at replacing expensive 3D sensors with a more scalable CNN-based pipeline. Although this enhancement is not experimentally evaluated in this manuscript, we describe its conceptual design and potential for future implementation.

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Keywords

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