Open Access

REVIEW

Review of Communication Protocols and Cryptographic Techniques Applied in Secure Token Transmission

Michael Juma Ayuma^1,*, Shem Mbandu Angolo¹, Philemon Nthenge Kasyoka², Simon Maina Karume³

1 Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, School of Computing and Mathematics, The Co-Operative University of Kenya, Karen, Nairobi, P.O. Box 24814-00502, Kenya
2 School of Science and Computing, South Eastern Kenya University, Kitui, P.O Box 170-90200, Kenya
3 Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Kabarak University, Nakuru, P.O Box 15232-20100, Kenya

* Corresponding Author: Michael Juma Ayuma. Email:

Journal of Cyber Security 2025, 7, 307-341. https://doi.org/10.32604/jcs.2025.067360

Received 01 May 2025; Accepted 21 July 2025; Issue published 02 September 2025

Abstract

Token transmission is a fundamental component in diverse domains, including computer networks, blockchain systems, distributed architectures, financial transactions, secure communications, and identity verification. Ensuring optimal performance during transmission is essential for maintaining the efficiency of data in transit. However, persistent threats from adversarial actors continue to pose significant risks to the integrity, authenticity, and confidentiality of transmitted data. This study presents a comprehensive review of existing research on token transmission techniques, examining the roles of transmission channels, emerging trends, and the associated security and performance implications. A critical analysis is conducted to assess the strengths, limitations, and applicability of various methods across different use cases, while identifying key advancements and enduring challenges. The findings aim to support researchers, practitioners and policymakers in selecting appropriate token transmission strategies and to provide a foundation for future innovations in this critical area.

---

Keywords

---