Open Access

ARTICLE

Increased Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic in 492,662 Newborns: Multicenter Observational Study

Lanqing Qu^1,2,#, Jinbiao Zhang^1,2,#, Wei Jiang^1,2, Jiayu Zhang^1,2, Die Li¹, Wei Cheng³, Linghua Tao⁴, Hongdan Zhu⁵, Jing Li⁶, Min Xue⁷, Feng Chen⁸, Cuicui Xu⁹, Qiang Shu^1,2,*, Weize Xu^1,2,*

1 Heart Center, Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, 310000, China
2 Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
3 Child Health Care Department, Ningbo Women and Children Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
4 Department of Health Care, Taizhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Taizhou, 318000, China
5 Department of Health Care, Shaoxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Shaoxing, 312000, China
6 Department of Health Care, Jiaxing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiaxing, 314000, China
7 Department of Health Care, Huzhou Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Huzhou, 313000, China
8 Department of Neonatology, Lishui Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Lishui, 323000, China
9 Department of Health Care, Zhoushan Women and Children Hospital, Zhoushan, 316000, China

* Corresponding Authors: Qiang Shu. Email: ; Weize Xu. Email:
# These authors contributed equally to this work

Congenital Heart Disease 2025, 20(5), 571-580. https://doi.org/10.32604/chd.2025.066258

Received 02 April 2025; Accepted 12 June 2025; Issue published 30 November 2025

Abstract

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital anomaly, but whether the COVID-19 pandemic affects its prevalence is unknown. We aimed to compare the incidence of CHD during the COVID-19 pandemic with that before the pandemic in China. Methods: This multicenter retrospective observational study involved all newborns in seven representative cities of China between 01 September 2019, and 31 December 2021. All the newborns underwent pulse oximetry monitoring combined with cardiac murmur auscultation in the first 6 h to 72 h after birth for CHD screening. We defined fetuses born in and beyond September 2020 as the exposed group, and before as the non-exposed group. The incidence of CHD and specific heart abnormalities, including atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD), before and during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared. Results: The study included 492,662 newborns; 217,003 newborns born before September 2020 and 275,659 newborns born in and beyond September 2020. There were 3115 patients with CHD in total during the whole study period. Of those, 1055 (September 2019 to August 2020) and 2060 (September 2020 to December 2021) were less and more affected by the pandemic, respectively. There was a significant increase in the incidence of CHD in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic (7.78 per 1000 births) compared to that before the pandemic (4.86 per 1000 births) (p < 0.001). The birth prevalence of ASD and VSD significantly increased during the pandemic from 3.991 per 1000 births to 4.717 per 1000 births (p = 0.008) and from 1.650 per 1000 births to 3.508 per 1000 births (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: The incidence of CHD increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was possibly related to the reallocation of medical resources, increased psychological pressure, and increased socioeconomic deprivation, though underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

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