Open Access
ARTICLE
Advanced DAG-Based Ranking (ADR) Protocol for Blockchain Scalability
Tayyaba Noreen1,*, Qiufen Xia1, Muhammad Zeeshan Haider2
1 International School of Information Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116620, China
2 School of Software, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116620, China
* Corresponding Author: Tayyaba Noreen. Email:
Computers, Materials & Continua 2023, 75(2), 2593-2613. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2023.036139
Received 18 September 2022; Accepted 08 December 2022; Issue published 31 March 2023
Abstract
In the past decade, blockchain has evolved as a promising solution to develop secure distributed ledgers and has gained massive attention.
However, current blockchain systems face the problems of limited throughput,
poor scalability, and high latency. Due to the failure of consensus algorithms in
managing nodes’identities, blockchain technology is considered inappropriate
for many applications, e.g., in IoT environments, because of poor scalability.
This paper proposes a blockchain consensus mechanism called the Advanced
DAG-based Ranking (ADR) protocol to improve blockchain scalability and
throughput. The ADR protocol uses the directed acyclic graph ledger, where
nodes are placed according to their ranking positions in the graph. It allows
honest nodes to use the Direct Acyclic Graph (DAG) topology to write blocks
and verify transactions instead of a chain of blocks. By using a three-step
strategy, this protocol ensures that the system is secured against doublespending attacks and allows for higher throughput and scalability. The first
step involves the safe entry of nodes into the system by verifying their private
and public keys. The next step involves developing an advanced DAG ledger
so nodes can start block production and verify transactions. In the third
step, a ranking algorithm is developed to separate the nodes created by
attackers. After eliminating attacker nodes, the nodes are ranked according
to their performance in the system, and true nodes are arranged in blocks in
topological order. As a result, the ADR protocol is suitable for applications in
the Internet of Things (IoT). We evaluated ADR on EC2 clusters with more
than 100 nodes and achieved better transaction throughput and liveness of
the network while adding malicious nodes. Based on the simulation results,
this research determined that the transaction’s performance was significantly
improved over blockchains like Internet of Things Applications (IOTA) and
ByteBall.
Keywords
Cite This Article
T. Noreen, Q. Xia and M. Z. Haider, "Advanced dag-based ranking (adr) protocol for blockchain scalability,"
Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 75, no.2, pp. 2593–2613, 2023.