Open Access

ARTICLE

Research on Efficient Storage Consistency Verification Technology for On-Chain and Off-Chain Data

Wei Lin, Yi Sun^*

School of Cryptographic Engineering, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou, 45000, China

* Corresponding Author: Yi Sun. Email:

Computers, Materials & Continua 2025, 85(3), 5117-5134. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.067968

Received 17 May 2025; Accepted 04 August 2025; Issue published 23 October 2025

Abstract

To enable efficient sharing of unbounded streaming data, this paper introduces blockchain technology into traditional cloud data, proposing a hybrid on-chain/off-chain storage model. We design a real-time verifiable data structure that is more suitable for streaming data to achieve efficient real-time verifiability for streaming data. Based on the notch gate hash function and vector commitment, an adaptive notch gate hash tree structure is constructed, and an efficient real-time verifiable data structure for on-chain and off-chain stream data is proposed. The structure binds dynamic root nodes sequentially to ordered leaf nodes in its child nodes. Only the vector commitment of the dynamic root node is stored on the chain, and the complete data structure is stored off-chain. This structure ensures tamper-proofing against malicious off-chain cloud servers of off-chain cloud servers. Preserves storage scalability space, realizes the immediate verification of stream data upon arrival, and the computational overhead of on-chain and off-chain hybrid storage verification is only related to the current data volume, which is more practical when dealing with stream data with unpredictable data volume. We formalize this as an efficient real-time verification scheme for stream data in on-chain and off-chain hybrid storage. Finally, the technology’s security and performance were empirically validated through rigorous analysis.

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