Open Access

ARTICLE

WiFi-Based Indoor Intrusion Detection via Two-Level Gait Feature Fusion Model

Lijun Cui¹, Yongjie Niu², Yuxiang Sun¹, Xiaokang Gu¹, Jing Guo¹, Pengfei Xu^1,*

1 College of Computer Science, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
2 College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Yan’an University, No. 1 North Gongxue Road, Yan’an, China

* Corresponding Author: Pengfei Xu. Email:

Computers, Materials & Continua 2026, 88(1), 13 https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.079691

Received 26 January 2026; Accepted 18 March 2026; Issue published 08 May 2026

Abstract

Indoor intrusion detection is essential for various applications, including security systems and smart homes. Recently, WiFi-based detection has gained popularity due to its low cost and non-invasive nature. Current Channel State Information (CSI) based frameworks primarily use deep learning to extract gait signatures; however, their performance depends heavily on extensive labeled datasets. These methods struggle to differentiate between unlabeled and labeled data that exhibit similar features. To address this challenge, we propose a novel Two-level Feature Fusion model for Indoor Intrusion Detection (TFF-IID) utilizing commercial WiFi CSI. The model adopts a two-level structure to learn rich feature representations and introduces a Transformer with multi-head self-attention alongside a multi-scale convolution module to process sensor data. Additionally, it incorporates a self-supervised learning module to capture general normality patterns. Based on this architecture, TFF-IID achieves accurate intrusion detection using only CSI. Empirical evaluations on a private gait dataset demonstrate that TFF-IID achieves an intrusion detection accuracy of 73.5% and an F1-score of 76.2% across 10 unauthorized subjects. Moreover, cross-scenario assessments verify that the proposed model maintains high efficiency and robustness in environments characterized by diverse spatial layouts and multipath complexities. Furthermore, TFF-IID outperforms the best baseline by 19.7% and 25.7% in accuracy and F1-score, respectively.

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Keywords

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