Open Access

ARTICLE

Validation of the Moroccan Three-dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS): A cross-cultural exploration of wisdom

Saif Allah Allouani¹, Amine Zenjari², Abla Berrada¹, Mohammed Ben Amar¹, Amal Zaki^2,*

1 Laboratory of Research and Studies in Management, Entrepreneurship, and Finance (LAREMEF), National School of Business and Management of Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, 30000, Morocco
2 Laboratory of Research in Management (LAREM), ISCAE Group, Casablanca, 20103, Morocco

* Corresponding Author: Amal Zaki. Email:

Journal of Psychology in Africa 2025, 35(5), 619-625. https://doi.org/10.32604/jpa.2025.070238

Received 05 March 2025; Accepted 07 July 2025; Issue published 24 October 2025

Abstract

This study adapted and validated the Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS; Ardelt, 2003) for a Moroccan adult sample. The 3D-WS conceptualizes wisdom through cognitive, reflective, and affective dimensions. A total of 404 Moroccan adults (56.9% women; M = 31.8 years, SD = 9.4) completed an online survey. Exploratory factor analysis (principal-axis extraction with Promax rotation) reduced the scale to 15 culturally adapted items across three factors, accounting for 44.3% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated satisfactory fit: χ²/df = 1.46, GFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.049. Bifactor modeling indicated a strong general wisdom factor (ECV = 0.62; ω_h = 0.79). The adapted Moroccan 3D-WS showed good internal consistency and construct validity. These findings support its use as a culturally sensitive tool for assessing wisdom in North African contexts and contribute to the global understanding of wisdom’s multidimensional structure.

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Keywords

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