Shuai Zhao, Zhiwei Zhang^*, Junkai Wang, Ye Yuan, Guoren Wang

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.073315 - 12 January 2026

Abstract With the development of sharded blockchains, high cross-shard rates and load imbalance have emerged as major challenges. Account partitioning based on hashing and real-time load faces the issue of high cross-shard rates. Account partitioning based on historical transaction graphs is effective in reducing cross-shard rates but suffers from load imbalance and limited adaptability to dynamic workloads. Meanwhile, because of the coupling between consensus and execution, a target shard must receive both the partitioned transactions and the partitioned accounts before initiating consensus and execution. However, we observe that transaction partitioning and subsequent consensus do not require… More >

Bello Musa Yakubu^1,*, Nor Shahida Mohd Jamail ², Rabia Latif ², Seemab Latif ³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.072426 - 12 January 2026

Abstract Federated Learning (FL) enables joint training over distributed devices without data exchange but is highly vulnerable to attacks by adversaries in the form of model poisoning and malicious update injection. This work proposes Secured-FL, a blockchain-based defensive framework that combines smart contract–based authentication, clustering-driven outlier elimination, and dynamic threshold adjustment to defend against adversarial attacks. The framework was implemented on a private Ethereum network with a Proof-of-Authority consensus algorithm to ensure tamper-resistant and auditable model updates. Large-scale simulation on the Cyber Data dataset, under up to 50% malicious client settings, demonstrates Secured-FL achieves 6%–12% higher accuracy, More >

Hanaa Nafea¹, Awais Qasim², Sana Abdul Sattar², Adeel Munawar³, Muhammad Nadeem Ali⁴, Byung-Seo Kim^4,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.072281 - 12 January 2026

Abstract The increased connectivity and reliance on digital technologies have exposed smart transportation systems to various cyber threats, making intrusion detection a critical aspect of ensuring their secure operation. Traditional intrusion detection systems have limitations in terms of centralized architecture, lack of transparency, and vulnerability to single points of failure. This is where the integration of blockchain technology with signature-based intrusion detection can provide a robust and decentralized solution for securing smart transportation systems. This study tackles the issue of database manipulation attacks in smart transportation networks by proposing a signature-based intrusion detection system. The introduced More >

Gowrishankar Jayaraman¹, Ashok Kumar Munnangi², Ramesh Sekaran³, Arunkumar Gopu³, Manikandan Ramachandran^4,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.071124 - 12 January 2026

Abstract Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPSs) play a vital role in modern industries by providing an intellectual foundation for automated operations. With the increasing integration of information-driven processes, ensuring the security of Industrial Control Production Systems (ICPSs) has become a critical challenge. These systems are highly vulnerable to attacks such as denial-of-service (DoS), eclipse, and Sybil attacks, which can significantly disrupt industrial operations. This work proposes an effective protection strategy using an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled Smart Contract (SC) framework combined with the Heterogeneous Barzilai–Borwein Support Vector (HBBSV) method for industrial-based CPS environments. The approach reduces run time… More >

Muhammad Asim^1,*, Abdelhamied A. Ateya¹, Mudasir Ahmad Wani^1,2, Gauhar Ali¹, Mohammed ElAffendi¹, Ahmed A. Abd El-Latif¹, Reshma Siyal³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.070684 - 12 January 2026

Abstract The growing developments in 5G and 6G wireless communications have revolutionized communications technologies, providing faster speeds with reduced latency and improved connectivity to users. However, it raises significant security challenges, including impersonation threats, data manipulation, distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, and privacy breaches. Traditional security measures are inadequate due to the decentralized and dynamic nature of next-generation networks. This survey provides a comprehensive review of how Federated Learning (FL), Blockchain, and Digital Twin (DT) technologies can collectively enhance the security of 5G and 6G systems. Blockchain offers decentralized, immutable, and transparent mechanisms for securing More >

Ahsan Habib Siam¹, Md. Ehsanul Haque¹, Fahmid Al Farid², Anindita Sutradhar³, Jia Uddin^4,*, Sarina Mansor^2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.069718 - 12 January 2026

Abstract As healthcare systems increasingly embrace digitalization, effective management of electronic health records (EHRs) has emerged as a critical priority, particularly in inpatient settings where data sensitivity and real-time access are paramount. Traditional EHR systems face significant challenges, including unauthorized access, data breaches, and inefficiencies in tracking follow-up appointments, which heighten the risk of misdiagnosis and medication errors. To address these issues, this research proposes a hybrid blockchain-based solution for securely managing EHRs, specifically designed as a framework for tracking inpatient follow-ups. By integrating QR code-enabled data access with a blockchain architecture, this innovative approach enhances… More >

Xiaodong Zhang¹, Wenhan Hou^2,*, Juanjuan Wang³, Leixiao Li¹, Pengfei Yue¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.2, pp. 1-20, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.072384 - 09 December 2025

Abstract Blockchain offers a promising solution to the security challenges faced by the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). However, due to the dynamic connectivity of IoV, blockchain based on a single-chain structure or Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure often suffer from performance limitations. The DAG lattice structure is a novel blockchain model in which each node maintains its own account chain, and only the node itself is allowed to update it. This feature makes the DAG lattice structure particularly suitable for addressing the challenges in dynamically connected IoV environment. In this paper, we propose a blockchain architecture… More >

Malvinder Singh Bali¹, Weiwei Jiang^2,*, Saurav Verma³, Kanwalpreet Kour⁴, Ashwini Rao³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.2, pp. 1-19, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.070866 - 09 December 2025

Abstract In recent years, Blockchain Technology has become a paradigm shift, providing Transparent, Secure, and Decentralized platforms for diverse applications, ranging from Cryptocurrency to supply chain management. Nevertheless, the optimization of blockchain networks remains a critical challenge due to persistent issues such as latency, scalability, and energy consumption. This study proposes an innovative approach to Blockchain network optimization, drawing inspiration from principles of biological evolution and natural selection through evolutionary algorithms. Specifically, we explore the application of genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization, and related evolutionary techniques to enhance the performance of blockchain networks. The proposed methodologies More >

Haibo Lei^1,2, Xu An Wang^1,*, Wenhao Liu¹, Lingling Wu¹, Chao Zhang¹, Weiwei Jiang³, Xiao Zou⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.2, pp. 1-31, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.070030 - 09 December 2025

Abstract With the rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), user data has experienced exponential growth, leading to increasing concerns about the security and integrity of data stored in the cloud. Traditional schemes relying on untrusted third-party auditors suffer from both security and efficiency issues, while existing decentralized blockchain-based auditing solutions still face shortcomings in correctness and security. This paper proposes an improved blockchain-based cloud auditing scheme, with the following core contributions: Identifying critical logical contradictions in the original scheme, thereby establishing the foundation for the correctness of cloud auditing; Designing an enhanced mechanism that… More >

Raghavendra Kulkarni¹, Venkata Satya Suresh kumar Kondeti¹, Binu Sudhakaran Pillai², Surendran Rajendran^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.1, pp. 1-23, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.069835 - 10 November 2025

Abstract The next-generation RAN, known as Open Radio Access Network (ORAN), allows for several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, network flexibility, and interoperability. Now ORAN applications, utilising machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, have become standard practice. The need for Federated Learning (FL) for ML model training in ORAN environments is heightened by the modularised structure of the ORAN architecture and the shortcomings of conventional ML techniques. However, the traditional plaintext model update sharing of FL in multi-BS contexts is susceptible to privacy violations such as deep-leakage gradient assaults and inference. Therefore, this research presents a… More >