R. Saravanan^1,*, R. Muthaiah¹, A. Rajesh²

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.138, No.3, pp. 2339-2356, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2023.030898

Abstract This study develops an Enhanced Threshold Based Energy Detection approach (ETBED) for spectrum sensing in a cognitive radio network. The threshold identification method is implemented in the received signal at the secondary user based on the square law. The proposed method is implemented with the signal transmission of multiple outputs-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Additionally, the proposed method is considered the dynamic detection threshold adjustments and energy identification spectrum sensing technique in cognitive radio systems. In the dynamic threshold, the signal ratio-based threshold is fixed. The threshold is computed by considering the Modified Black Widow Optimization Algorithm (MBWO). So, the proposed… More > Graphic Abstract

Zeliang An¹, Tianqi Zhang^1,*, Debang Liu¹, Yuqing Xu², Gert Frølund Pedersen², Ming Shen²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.76, No.3, pp. 2817-2834, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.037832

Abstract With the advent of the Industry 5.0 era, the Internet of Things (IoT) devices face unprecedented proliferation, requiring higher communications rates and lower transmission delays. Considering its high spectrum efficiency, the promising filter bank multicarrier (FBMC) technique using offset quadrature amplitude modulation (OQAM) has been applied to Beyond 5G (B5G) industry IoT networks. However, due to the broadcasting nature of wireless channels, the FBMC-OQAM industry IoT network is inevitably vulnerable to adversary attacks from malicious IoT nodes. The FBMC-OQAM industry cognitive radio network (ICRNet) is proposed to ensure security at the physical layer to tackle the above challenge. As a… More >

Shayla Islam¹, Anil Kumar Budati^1,*, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan², Saoucene Mahfoudh³, Syed Bilal Hussian Shah³

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.137, No.1, pp. 813-825, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2023.027595

Abstract In wireless communications, the Ambient Backscatter Communication (AmBC) technique is a promising approach, detecting user presence accurately at low power levels. At low power or a low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), there is no dedicated power for the users. Instead, they can transmit information by reflecting the ambient Radio Frequency (RF) signals in the spectrum. Therefore, it is essential to detect user presence in the spectrum for the transmission of data without loss or without collision at a specific time. In this paper, the authors proposed a novel Spectrum Sensing (SS) detection technique in the Cognitive Radio (CR) spectrum, by developing… More >

Omar Abdulghafoor¹, Musbah Shaat², Ibraheem Shayea³, Ahmad Hamood¹, Abdelzahir Abdelmaboud⁴, Ashraf Osman Ibrahim⁵, Fadhil Mukhlif^6,*, Herish Badal¹, Norafida Ithnin⁶, Ali Khadim Lwas⁷

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.75, No.2, pp. 3045-3064, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.033888

Abstract The computational complexity of resource allocation processes, in cognitive radio networks (CRNs), is a major issue to be managed. Furthermore, the complicated solution of the optimal algorithm for handling resource allocation in CRNs makes it unsuitable to adopt in real-world applications where both cognitive users, CRs, and primary users, PUs, exist in the identical geographical area. Hence, this work offers a primarily price-based power algorithm to reduce computational complexity in uplink scenarios while limiting interference to PUs to allowable threshold. Hence, this paper, compared to other frameworks proposed in the literature, proposes a two-step approach to reduce the complexity of… More >

Nada M. Elfatih¹, Elmustafa Sayed Ali^1,5, Maha Abdelhaq², Raed Alsaqour^3,*, Rashid A. Saeed⁴

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.45, No.1, pp. 329-342, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.028528

Abstract

In cognitive radio networks (CoR), the performance of cooperative spectrum sensing is improved by reducing the overall error rate or maximizing the detection probability. Several optimization methods are usually used to optimize the number of user-chosen for cooperation and the threshold selection. However, these methods do not take into account the effect of sample size and its effect on improving CoR performance. In general, a large sample size results in more reliable detection, but takes longer sensing time and increases complexity. Thus, the locally sensed sample size is an optimization problem. Therefore, optimizing the local sample size for each cognitive… More >

N. Sureka^*, K. Gunaseelan

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.34, No.3, pp. 1893-1906, 2022, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2022.026098

Abstract Cognitive Radio (CR) is a competent technique devised to smart sense its surroundings and address the spectrum scarcity issues in wireless communication networks. The Primary User Emulation Attack (PUEA) is one of the most serious security threats affecting the performance of CR networks. In this paper, machine learning (ML) principles have been applied to detect PUEA with superior decision-making ability. To distinguish the attacking nodes, Reinforced Learning (RL) and Extreme Machine Learning (EML-RL) algorithms are proposed to be based on Reinforced Learning (EML). Various dynamic parameters like estimation error, attack detection efficiency, attack estimation rate, and learning rate have been… More >

Raed Alhamad^*

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.43, No.2, pp. 751-765, 2022, DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.021932

Abstract In this article, we optimize harvesting and sensing duration for Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) using Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS). The secondary source harvests energy using the received signal from node A. Then, it performs spectrum sensing to detect Primary Source P_S activity. When P_S activity is not detected, The Secondary Source S_S transmits data to Secondary Destination S_D where all reflected signals on IRS are in phase at S_D. We show that IRS offers 14, 20, 26, 32, 38, 44, 50 dB enhancement in throughput using M = 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 reflectors with respect to CRN without IRS. We… More >

K. Saravanan^1,*, G. M. Tamilselvan², A. Rajendran³

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.42, No.3, pp. 1063-1077, 2022, DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.020789

Abstract As huge users are involved, there is a difficulty in spectrum allocation and scheduling in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs). Collision increases when there is no allocation of spectrum and these results in huge drop rate and network performance degradation. To solve these problems and allocate appropriate spectrum, a novel method is introduced termed as Quality of Service (QoS) Improvement Proper Scheduling (QIPS). The major contribution of the work is to design a new cross layer QoS Aware Scheduling based on Loss-based Proportional Fairness with Multihop (QoSAS-LBPFM). In Medium Access Control (MAC) multi-channel network environment mobile nodes practice concurrent broadcast between… More >

R. Neelaveni^1,*, B. Sridevi², J. Sivasankari³

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.42, No.2, pp. 523-533, 2022, DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.021433

Abstract Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) are the possible and ideal solution for meeting the spectrum needs of next-generation communication systems. CRN is a promising alternative approach that allows spectrum sharing in many applications. The licensed users considered Primary Users (PU) and unlicensed users as Secondary Users (SU). Time and power consumption on security issues are considered degrading factors in performance for improving the Quality of Service (QoS). Irrespective of using different optimization techniques, the same methodology is to be updated for the task. So that, learning and optimization go hand in hand. It ensures the security in CRN, risk factors in… More >

Bayan Al-Amri¹, Gofran Sami², Wajdi Alhakami^1,*

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.42, No.1, pp. 133-148, 2022, DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.021543

Abstract The vast revolution in networking is increasing rapidly along with technology advancements, which requires more effort from all cyberspace professionals to cope with the challenges that come with advanced technology privileges and services. Hence, Cognitive Radio Network is one of the promising approaches that permit a dynamic type of smart network for improving the utilization of idle spectrum portions of wireless communications. However, it is vulnerable to security threats and attacks and demands security mechanisms to preserve and protect the cognitive radio networks for ensuring a secure communication environment. This paper presents an effective secure MAC protocol for cognitive radio… More >