Saha Reno1,#,*, Koushik Roy2,#
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.2, pp. 2061-2119, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.066366
- 03 July 2025
Abstract The blockchain trilemma—balancing decentralization, security, and scalability—remains a critical challenge in distributed ledger technology. Despite significant advancements, achieving all three attributes simultaneously continues to elude most blockchain systems, often forcing trade-offs that limit their real-world applicability. This review paper synthesizes current research efforts aimed at resolving the trilemma, focusing on innovative consensus mechanisms, sharding techniques, layer-2 protocols, and hybrid architectural models. We critically analyze recent breakthroughs, including Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based structures, cross-chain interoperability frameworks, and zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) enhancements, which aim to reconcile scalability with robust security and decentralization. Furthermore, we evaluate the trade-offs More >