Open Access

ARTICLE

Double Conductive Panel System Cooling Solutions: L-Shaped Channel and Vented Cavity under Ternary Nanofluid Enhanced Non-Uniform Magnetic Field

Fatih Selimefendigil¹, Kaouther Ghachem^2,*, Hind Albalawi³, Badr M. AlShammari⁴, Lioua Kolsi⁵

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, 45140, Turkey
2 Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
3 Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
4 Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il City, 81451, Saudi Arabia
5 Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il City, 81451, Saudi Arabia

* Corresponding Author: Kaouther Ghachem. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Computational Methods in Mono/hybrid nanofluids: Innovative Applications and Future Trends)

Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025, 144(1), 899-925. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2025.066555

Received 11 April 2025; Accepted 10 July 2025; Issue published 31 July 2025

Abstract

Cooling system design applicable to more than one photovoltaic (PV) unit may be challenging due to the arrangement and geometry of the modules. Different cooling techniques are provided in this study to regulate the temperature of conductive panels that are arranged perpendicular to each other. The model uses two vented cavity systems and one L-shaped channel with ternary nanofluid enhanced non-uniform magnetic field. Their cooling performances and comparative results between different systems are provided. The finite element method is used to conduct a numerical analysis for a range of values of the following: the strength of the magnetic field (Hartmann number (Ha) between 0 and 50), the inclination of the magnetic field ( between 0 and 90), and the loading of nanoparticles in the base fluid ( between 0 and 0.03), taking into account both uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields. For the L-shaped channel and vented cavities, vortex size is controlled by imposing magnetic field and adjusting its strength. Whether uniform or non-uniform magnetic field is applied affects the cooling performances for different cooling configurations. Temperature drops of the horizontal panel with different magnetic field strengths by using channel cooling, vented cavity-1 and vented cavity-2 systems for uniform magnetic are 11°C, 21.5°C, and 3°C when the reference case of Ha = 0 is considered for the same cooling systems. However, they become 9.5°C, 13.5°C, and 12.5°C when non-uniform magnetic field is used. In the presence of uniform magnetic field effects and changing its magnitude, the use of cooling channel in vented cavity-1 and vented cavity-2 systems results in temperature drops of 4°C, 10.8°C, and 3.8°C for vertical panels. On the other hand, when non-uniform magnetic field effects are present, they become 0.5°C, 2.1°C, and 9°C. For L-channel cooling, the average Nu for the horizontal panel is more affected by , and Nu rises as rises. With increasing nanoparticle loading of ternary nanofluid, the average panel surface temperature shows a linear drop. For the horizontal panel, the temperature declines for nanofluid at the highest loading are 4°C, 10°C, and 12°C as compared to using only base fluid. The values of 5°C, 7°C, and 11°C are obtained for the vertical panel. Different cooling systems’ performance is estimated using artificial neural networks. The method captures the combined impact of applying non-uniform magnetic field and nanofluid together on the cooling performance while accounting for varied cooling strategies for both panels.

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