Open Access

ARTICLE

GLM-EP: An Equivariant Graph Neural Network and Protein Language Model Integrated Framework for Predicting Essential Proteins in Bacteriophages

Jia Mi¹, Zhikang Liu¹, Chang Li², Jing Wan^1,*

1 College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
2 School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China

* Corresponding Author: Jing Wan. Email:

Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025, 145(3), 4089-4106. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2025.074364

Received 09 October 2025; Accepted 19 November 2025; Issue published 23 December 2025

Abstract

Recognizing essential proteins within bacteriophages is fundamental to uncovering their replication and survival mechanisms and contributes to advances in phage-based antibacterial therapies. Despite notable progress, existing computational techniques struggle to represent the interplay between sequence-derived and structure-dependent protein features. To overcome this limitation, we introduce GLM-EP, a unified framework that fuses protein language models with equivariant graph neural networks. By merging semantic embeddings extracted from amino acid sequences with geometry-aware graph representations, GLM-EP enables an in-depth depiction of phage proteins and enhances essential protein identification. Evaluation on diverse benchmark datasets confirms that GLM-EP surpasses conventional sequence-based and independent deep-learning methods, yielding higher F1 and AUROC outcomes. Component-wise analysis demonstrates that GCNII, EGNN, and the gated multi-head attention mechanism function in a complementary manner to encode complex molecular attributes. In summary, GLM-EP serves as a robust and efficient tool for bacteriophage genomic analysis and provides valuable methodological perspectives for the discovery of antibiotic-resistance therapeutic targets. The corresponding code repository is available at: https://github.com/MiJia-ID/GLM-EP (accessed on 01 November 2025).

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