Open Access

ARTICLE

GastroNetV4: An Explainable AI-Based Hybrid Framework for Gastrointestinal Diseases Detection Using Endoscopic Images

Areeba Gul¹, Muhammad Ramzan¹, Romana Aziz^2,*, Qaiser Abbas³, Ala Saleh Alluhaidan², Summair Raza¹, Mahwish Ilyas⁴

1 Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
2 Department of Information Systems, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
3 Faculty of Computer and Information Systems, Islamic University of Madinah, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
4 Department of Computer Science, University of Rasul, Mandi Bahaud Din, Pakistan

* Corresponding Author: Romana Aziz. Email:

Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2026, 148(3), 39 https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2026.084222

Received 18 April 2026; Accepted 14 August 2026; Issue published 28 September 2026

Abstract

Gastrointestinal diseases (GI) are serious diseases that affect people of all ages. Early and accurate diagnosis helps reduce complications and the subsequent impact on patients. Precise diagnoses by endoscopy are important for reducing complications and mortality rates. Manual interpretation of endoscopic images is time-consuming, highly dependent on the specialist’s clinical judgment, and subject to variability in multi-class classification tasks. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes GastroNetV4, an explainable hybrid deep learning model for multi-class classification of gastrointestinal diseases and a urinary tract-related class included in the endoscopic dataset used in this study.GastroNetV4 employs an EfficientNet-B4 backbone with a tailored Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) head to extract high-quality discriminative features. Additionally, the proposed approach also integrates Explainable AI (XAI) methods to make AI decisions understandable and transparent. The proposed approach was compared against other publicly available pre-trained models for multi-class classification of GI diseases and a urinary-tract condition. t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and predictive entropy analyses were used to visualize internal latent features and evaluate the model’s uncertainty calibration. Experiments have shown that the proposed approach outperformed other models across various evaluation metrics. The proposed approach achieved the highest accuracy of 98.25% among all evaluated models, showing the effectiveness of the proposed enhancements over the baseline models. The study analyzed uncertainty by showing that correct predictions are associated with low entropy, whereas incorrect predictions are associated with high entropy. By achieving high accuracy, interpretability, and well-calibrated predictions, GastroNetV4 will help develop clinical decision-support systems for the automatic diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases and other abnormalities.

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Keywords

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