Open Access

ARTICLE

CD-AKA-IoV: A Provably Secure Cross-Domain Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Internet of Vehicle

Tsu-Yang Wu^1,2, Haozhi Wu², Maoxin Tang³, Saru Kumari⁴, Chien-Ming Chen^1,*

1 School of Artificial Intelligence/School of Future Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
3 College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
2 School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
4 Department of Mathematics, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, 250004, India

* Corresponding Author: Chien-Ming Chen. Email:

Computers, Materials & Continua 2025, 85(1), 1715-1732. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.065560

Received 16 March 2025; Accepted 19 June 2025; Issue published 29 August 2025

Abstract

With the rapid development and widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, the innovative concept of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has emerged, ushering in a new era of intelligent transportation. Since vehicles are mobile entities, they move across different domains and need to communicate with the Roadside Unit (RSU) in various regions. However, open environments are highly susceptible to becoming targets for attackers, posing significant risks of malicious attacks. Therefore, it is crucial to design a secure authentication protocol to ensure the security of communication between vehicles and RSUs, particularly in scenarios where vehicles cross domains. In this paper, we propose a provably secure cross-domain authentication and key agreement protocol for IoV. Our protocol comprises two authentication phases: intra-domain authentication and cross-domain authentication. To ensure the security of our protocol, we conducted rigorous analyses based on the ROR (Real-or-Random) model and Scyther. Finally, we show in-depth comparisons of our protocol with existing ones from both security and performance perspectives, fully demonstrating its security and efficiency.

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Keywords

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