Open Access

ARTICLE

A Robust Image Watermarking Based on DWT and RDWT Combined with Möbius Transformations

Atheer Alrammahi^1,2, Hedieh Sajedi^1,*

1 Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 1417935840, Iran
2 Department of Medical Intelligent Systems, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Diwaniya, 58002, Iraq

* Corresponding Author: Hedieh Sajedi. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Challenges and Innovations in Multimedia Encryption and Information Security)

Computers, Materials & Continua 2025, 84(1), 887-918. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.063866

Received 26 January 2025; Accepted 16 April 2025; Issue published 09 June 2025

Abstract

Ensuring digital media security through robust image watermarking is essential to prevent unauthorized distribution, tampering, and copyright infringement. This study introduces a novel hybrid watermarking framework that integrates Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform (RDWT), and Möbius Transformations (MT), with optimization of transformation parameters achieved via a Genetic Algorithm (GA). By combining frequency and spatial domain techniques, the proposed method significantly enhances both the imperceptibility and robustness of watermark embedding. The approach leverages DWT and RDWT for multi-resolution decomposition, enabling watermark insertion in frequency subbands that balance visibility and resistance to attacks. RDWT, in particular, offers shift-invariance, which improves performance under geometric transformations. Möbius transformations are employed for spatial manipulation, providing conformal mapping and spatial dispersion that fortify watermark resilience against rotation, scaling, and translation. The GA dynamically optimizes the Möbius parameters, selecting configurations that maximize robustness metrics such as Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), Bit Error Rate (BER), and Normalized Cross-Correlation (NCC). Extensive experiments conducted on medical and standard benchmark images demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed RDWT-MT scheme. Results show that PSNR exceeds 68 dB, SSIM approaches 1.0, and BER remains at 0.0000, indicating excellent imperceptibility and perfect watermark recovery. Moreover, the method exhibits exceptional resilience to a wide range of image processing attacks, including Gaussian noise, JPEG compression, histogram equalization, and cropping, achieving NCC values close to or equal to 1.0. Comparative evaluations with state-of-the-art watermarking techniques highlight the superiority of the proposed method in terms of robustness, fidelity, and computational efficiency. The hybrid framework ensures secure, adaptive watermark embedding, making it highly suitable for applications in digital rights management, content authentication, and medical image protection. The integration of spatial and frequency domain features with evolutionary optimization presents a promising direction for future watermarking technologies.

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Keywords

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