Open Access

ARTICLE

Development of a Buck Converter for Efficient Energy Storage Integration Using Constant Voltage (CV) Methods

Ricky Alfian Dita¹, Sudirman Palaloi^2,*, Rezi Delfianti¹, Catur Harsito³, Muhammad Nevandra Fithra Pangestu¹, Deo Ferdi Ramadhan¹, Tovva Firdansyah Amijaya¹, Farhan Mudzaffar¹, Dimas Raka Buana Putra¹

1 Department of Engineering, Faculty of Advanced Technology and Multidiscipline, Airlangga University, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
2 Intelligent Electricity Research Group, Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia
3 Department of Mechanical Computer Industrial Management Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok, 25913, Republic of Korea

* Corresponding Author: Sudirman Palaloi. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovative Renewable Energy Systems for Carbon Neutrality: From Buildings to Large-Scale Integration)

Energy Engineering 2025, 122(6), 2355-2370. https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2025.064134

Received 06 February 2025; Accepted 23 April 2025; Issue published 29 May 2025

Abstract

Efficient battery charging requires a power conversion system capable of providing precise voltage regulation tailored to the battery’s needs. This study develops a buck converter with a 36 V input for charging a 14 V battery using the Constant Voltage (CV) method. The system is designed to ensure safe and efficient charging while protecting the battery from overcharging and extending its lifespan. In the proposed design, the converter maintains a constant output voltage while the charging current decreases as the battery approaches full capacity. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is used as a control strategy to modify the duty cycle of the converter. This keeps the voltage output stable whenever the load changes. The design process involves simulation and experimental validation to evaluate the system’s performance and efficiency. The test results show the significant impact of Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control on the stability of the output voltage to meet the requirements for 14 V battery charging and the efficiency of the battery charging process. The output voltage becomes more stable, with reduced oscillation and minimal steady-state error. The State of Charge (SOC) increases more stably, controllably, and efficiently thanks to the PID controller’s ability to adjust the duty cycle in real time based on system feedback. This dynamic adjustment ensures that the output current and voltage remain within the optimal range, which directly improves the battery charging process. In addition, PID control significantly improves the dynamic response of the system, reducing overshoot and settling time while maintaining precise voltage regulation. This speeds up the battery charging process and contributes to better energy efficiency, reduced power loss, and extended battery life. This research provides a reliable and cost-effective solution for applications in electric vehicles, renewable energy systems, and other battery-powered devices.

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