Open Access
ISSN:0199-8595 (print)
ISSN:1546-0118 (online)
Publication Frequency:Monthly
A Proud Tradition
Established in 1904, Energy Engineering has a history of more than 120 years, making it one of the long-standing journals in the field. Throughout its long history, the journal has evolved alongside advances in energy science and technology, consistently serving as a catalyst for innovation and progress. In recent years, it has achieved steady improvements in academic quality, editorial standards, and international influence, and continues to move toward becoming a leading international journal.
Multi-faceted scholarship
Energy Engineering is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal focusing on the engineering aspects of energy research. It provides a global platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, and policy makers to publish original studies across a broad range of energy topics, including energy generation, conversion, conservation, utilization, storage, transmission, systems, technologies, management and sustainability. The journal also explores the societal impacts of energy use and policy, showcasing research that advances sustainable development and supports the transition to cleaner energy systems.
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.074998 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovations and Challenges in Smart Grid Technologies)
Abstract This paper presents a dynamic energy management strategy for a community-scale campus hybrid microgrid integrating photovoltaic (PV) generation, aggregated wind power, a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, and battery energy storage to support electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure under variable environmental and load conditions. The system configuration is inspired by existing renewable energy installations and planned developments at the Federation University Mt Helen Campus, enabling realistic modeling of aggregated demand and coordinated multi-source operation. To enhance physical realism, power electronic conversion efficiencies and hierarchical control dynamics are incorporated, while the wind subsystem is represented using… More >
Open Access
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Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081082 - 27 May 2026
Abstract The unique fault current characteristics of inverter-based resources (IBRs) result in a variable angle of the additional impedance for conventional distance protection, causing failure to operate for internal faults and maloperation for external faults. To address this issue, a novel control-protection coordinated strategy is proposed. The positive-sequence current references of IBRs’ inverter control strategy are reset, based on the relationship between the current on the high-voltage side of the transformer and that of the fault-point current. Under such control, the additional impedance angle can be effectively maintained at a constant value. On this basis, a More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078205 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Energy Management and Process Optimization in Industrial Manufacturing: Towards Smart, Sustainable, and Efficient Production Systems)
Abstract Battery Management Systems (BMS) are critical for ensuring the safety, reliability, and optimal performance of modern battery packs. Among the various BMS functions, cell balancing plays a pivotal role in mitigating capacity degradation and safety risks caused by cell imbalances originating from manufacturing variations and non-uniform operating conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive review of cell balancing strategies within BMS architectures. Passive and active cell balancing techniques are systematically classified and examined based on their operating principles, energy transfer mechanisms, and implementation requirements. In addition, DC-DC converter topologies employed in active cell balancing are reviewed,… More >
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Open Access
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Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073240 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Low-Carbon Situational Awareness and Dispatch Decision of New-Type Power System Operation)
Abstract This paper addresses the challenge of efficiently calculating dynamic carbon emission factors (CEFs) in large-scale power systems. Traditional methods that rely on direct matrix inversion are computationally intensive and become impractical for networks with thousands of nodes. To overcome this limitation, a fast and scalable computational framework is proposed based on the incomplete LU (ILU) preconditioned biconjugate gradient stabilized (BiCGSTAB) iterative solver. The proposed approach formulates the nodal CEF model as a sparse linear system and employs Krylov subspace acceleration with ILU preconditioning to enhance convergence and numerical stability. The method is applied to synthetic… More >
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Open Access
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Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076436 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Operation and Control of Grid-connected New Energy and Emerging Loads)
Abstract The self-adaption STATCOM and line commutation converter (SLCC) system based on the static var generator and filter (SVF) utilizes the compensation capability of the SVF to reduce the commutation process’s dependence on the AC grid, thereby enhancing the SLCC’s ability to resist commutation failure. However, existing SLCC control strategies have not fully considered the boundary conditions for the safe and stable operation of the SVF (i.e., the SVF withstand capability), which limits or even deteriorates the ability of the SVF to provide commutation support for the SLCC under AC grid voltage fault conditions. To address… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075406 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances and Emerging Trends in Photovoltaic Technologies, Energy Storage, and Green Hydrogen)
Abstract Accurate forecasting of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation is essential for enabling reliable integration of renewable energy into modern power systems. Variability in solar production, driven by meteorological fluctuations and inherent nonlinear dynamics, presents significant challenges for grid stability, operational planning, and energy management. This study investigates and compares the performance of classical statistical forecasting techniques and advanced deep learning approaches using real PV production data from a Moroccan solar plant. The analysis focuses on accuracy, robustness, computational efficiency, and suitability for short-term operational applications. Among statistical approaches, the Holt–Winters model demonstrated strong capability in… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077395 - 27 May 2026
Abstract Winding deformation is a predominant cause of transformer failures and critically compromises the safe, reliable, and economic operation of power systems. To overcome the inadequacy of the conventional three-dimensional (3D) Lissajous curve method in discriminating among various types of winding faults, this paper proposes an online monitoring method for transformer winding deformation based on 3D Lissajous curves. In the proposed method, the primary current
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.072849 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovative Energy Engineering for Resilient and Green Systems)
Abstract Wind and photovoltaic generation integration into power systems has steadily increased in recent years. To mitigate increasing renewable curtailment and deteriorating operational economics associated with high penetrations of wind and PV, this paper develops a robust optimal scheduling framework for integrated energy systems that integrates waste-heat recovery from power-to-ammonia (P2A) processes and ammonia cofiring as a substitution strategy. First, the energy transfer pathways of electricity–heat, ammonia, and the heat release characteristics of the entire P2A process are analyzed, enabling waste heat recovery throughout the conversion process. Second, considering the low-carbon characteristics of ammonia cofiring in… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077070 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Progress and Prospects of Hydraulic Fracture Network Morphology Characterization, Flow Simulation and Optimization Technology for Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
Abstract Addressing the complexity of quality evaluation during the R&D phase of the waterflooding sandstone reservoir numerical simulator (OSIM), this study establishes a comprehensive assessment framework driven by client-side requirements. The novelty of this work lies in the integration of a client-driven 146-indicator hierarchy specifically tailored for iterative simulator R&D. First, a hierarchical software quality evaluation model is constructed, encompassing four primary dimensions and 146 secondary indicators. To mitigate the subjectivity inherent in traditional weight assignment, the Fuzzy Best-Worst Method (FBWM) is employed to determine indicator weights. Subsequently, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079449 - 27 May 2026
Abstract This paper presents a novel framework for the development of a real-time energy management system for mining microgrids, which integrates the benefits of a long short-term memory (LSTM) network and a feedforward neural network (FNN) for the prediction of the load and solar power, and the optimization of the dispatch, respectively, while ensuring the safety of the microgrid through the application of a convex safety filter. In the proposed framework, the LSTM provides probabilistic multi-step forecasts of load and photovoltaic generation, capturing the high volatility characteristic of mining operations with ramp rates up to 5… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.072845 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Next-Generation Distribution System Planning, Operation, and Control)
Abstract To address the operational challenges posed by renewable energy generation uncertainty and load fluctuations in DC microgrids, this paper proposes a hierarchical coordinated optimization control strategy for electricity-hydrogen hybrid DC microgrids (EH-DC-MG). The strategy aims to leverage the synergistic advantages of hybrid electricity-hydrogen energy storage to simultaneously achieve multiple objectives, including economic system operation, efficient utilization of renewable energy, and reliable power supply. The upper optimization scheduling layer formulates a mixed-integer linear programming model with the objective of minimizing the total system cost, which incorporates equipment operation and maintenance expenses, battery depreciation, penalties for renewable… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076354 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Analytics on Energy Systems)
Abstract The identification of the traveling wave head is an important factor affecting the accuracy of fault traveling wave positioning. In practice, in addition to the attenuation of traveling wave amplitude and rising speed caused by distribution line factors, various traveling wave sensors can also cause transmission distortion of high-frequency traveling wave signals, which in turn affects the calibration of traveling wave arrival time and the accuracy of fault distance measurement. The inversion technology of sensor transmission characteristics using analytical methods has limited ability to reflect factors such as stray capacitance and sensor differences. In comparison,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073862 - 27 May 2026
Abstract We propose a novel procedure, Time-Domain De-Dopplerized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit deconvolution approach for the mapping of acoustic sources (TD-OMP-DAMAS), for separating aerodynamic noise sources distributed across wind turbine blades (WTB), a task that is typically hindered by mutual interference and spatial mixing. The proposed procedure is a two-stage, hybrid de-Doppler/sparse-reconstruction algorithm based on time-domain de-Doppler (TD, Stage 1) and an orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP)-based deconvolution scheme (Stage 2), enabling sparse-reconstruction techniques to be effectively applied in rotating-source scenarios. The method is validated using both simulated rotating-source data and wind-tunnel measurements, and its performance is systematically… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075407 - 27 May 2026
Abstract A nonlinear dynamic framework is developed to represent the coupled mass- and energy-transfer phenomena governing an industrial phosphate-pebble dryer. The formulation integrates combustion, gas–solid heat exchange, moisture evaporation, and exhaust-draft dynamics into a unified set of nonlinear differential equations suitable for transient analysis and control design. Steady-state operating conditions are first established, followed by local linearization to enable the synthesis of decentralized proportional–integral (PI) controllers using direct-synthesis principles. The resulting control architecture regulates key process variables, including vacuum pressure, outlet moisture content, and furnace temperature. The proposed model is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink using a modular… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.073475 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovations and Challenges in Smart Grid Technologies)
Abstract Electrolytic capacitors in Modular Multilevel Converter-based Unified Power Flow Controllers (MMC-UPFC) are prone to parameter degradation, significantly affecting system reliability. Accurate identification of their degradation parameters—capacitance (C) and equivalent series resistance (ESR)—is essential for equipment health management. This study proposes a non-intrusive degradation parameter identification method for electrolytic capacitors in MMC-UPFC full-bridge submodules based on digital twin technology and an improved intelligent optimization algorithm. First, the degradation mechanism of electrolytic capacitors under long-term operational conditions is systematically analyzed. Second, a high-fidelity digital twin model integrating the main circuit, sampling circuit, and modulation circuit of the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074440 - 27 May 2026
Abstract Under extreme weather conditions (such as hurricanes and heatwaves causing sudden drops in renewable energy output and surges in load), microgrid operations face severe challenges due to the uncertainty of renewable energy and load fluctuations. Although existing research has focused on microgrid optimal scheduling or electric vehicle integration, there has not yet been a systematic approach to multi-timescale scheduling that combines electric vehicle fleets under extreme weather scenarios, and particularly, explicit modeling of weather events and their impact on component failure rates and transmission lines is lacking. This paper proposes, for the first time, a… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078082 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Selected Papers from the SDEWES 2025 Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems)
Abstract Current energy systems are increasingly complex, considering multi-energy systems, the integration of non-programmable renewable energy sources, and the simultaneous evaluation of multiple evaluation objectives (i.e., costs vs carbon dioxide emissions). This complexity opens the opportunity to explore optimization algorithms as assistance for systematic and automatic management of energy systems. The implementation of a multi-energy system poses multiple challenges, including managing multiple energy vectors with different technologies applied across energy production, energy storage, and renewable energy sources. Also, multi-objective evaluation should be considered to manage reductions in costs and carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, this paper proposes… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.072828 - 27 May 2026
Abstract Given that the power grid partitioning method relying mainly on line reactive power flow information sees frequent changes in partitioning results with reactive power flow fluctuations under high-proportion fixed-power-factor PV-connected distribution networks, and traditional distributed PV collaborative optimization fails to adapt due to such changes, a stable partitioning and distributed PV collaborative optimization method for this scenario is proposed. Firstly, the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is used to characterize the characteristics of PV reactive power output, obtaining the typical curve of PV reactive power output. Secondly, the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) probabilistic power flow calculation… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.069025 - 27 May 2026
Abstract This study proposes an optimized design method for wind-solar-storage microgrid systems in the Gobi Desert region of northwest China. The core innovation is the development of a Modified Dragonfly Algorithm (MDA) to address the challenges of optimal system sizing and operation under complex desert conditions characterized by high renewable volatility and demanding environmental constraints. To strengthen the algorithm’s global search capability and convergence speed, three key enhancements are introduced: optimal point set initialization for even population distribution, cosine similarity guidance for balanced exploration-exploitation, and a nonlinear convergence factor for adaptive adjustment. The multi-objective optimization model… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.074048 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovative Renewable Energy Systems for Carbon Neutrality: From Buildings to Large-Scale Integration)
Abstract This study investigates the problem of prioritizing rooftop renewable energy (RE) system configurations for a multi-family residential building in Mediterranean climate. The analysis focuses on fixed-tilt photovoltaics (PV), single-axis and dual-axis tracking PV, and small vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT), each assessed with and without lithium-ion storage. A co-simulation framework is used, coupling EnergyPlus building-HVAC system simulation with PV and wind generation modeling and rule-based battery dispatch to evaluate hourly demand–supply interactions. Three decision criteria are considered for each alternative: total system cost, annual building electric energy demand reduction, and net avoided life-cycle emissions. Stakeholder preferences… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073788 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Progress and Prospects of Hydraulic Fracture Network Morphology Characterization, Flow Simulation and Optimization Technology for Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
Abstract Multi-stage fractured horizontal wells are among the most prevalent technologies in contemporary shale oil development. This article provides a comprehensive overview of several prevalent issues by examining pertinent simulation methods applicable to existing fractured horizontal wells. First, traditional methods primarily concentrate on individual stages of fracturing, shut-in, and production. These stages are relatively isolated and lack continuity. Second, the effects of reservoir stimulation vary under different operational conditions. The conventional dual (or multiple) porosity model is overly idealized, while analytical (or semi-analytical) models often struggle to accurately represent actual fracture geometries and internal fracture-grid characteristics,… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073843 - 27 May 2026
Abstract Wind turbine gearboxes are critical components in large-scale power generation systems, and their unexpected failures often result in significant economic losses, long downtime, and decreased energy efficiency. Accurate prediction of their Remaining Useful Life (RUL) is therefore vital for enhancing operational reliability, implementing condition-based maintenance, and optimizing lifecycle management. However, existing approaches often neglect the memory effect in degradation processes and fail to establish an effective interaction between stochastic degradation modeling and RUL prediction. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel fusion method that integrates a stochastic degradation model with an intelligent prediction framework.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080366 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery in Unconventional ReservoirsⅡ)
Abstract It is generally believed that the productivity of oil/gas wells in shale reservoirs increases with the population of hydraulic fractures in the stimulated reservoir volume. The objective of this work is to identify the dominant factors affecting hydraulic fracture population in shale oil/gas reservoirs. A semi-analytical model was first developed to simulate the sequential initiation and simultaneous propagation of hydraulic fractures during fracturing shale gas/oil reservoirs. The semi-analytical model was then coded in the FracPropag computer program for model validation and quick analyses. The sequential initiation and simultaneous propagation of hydraulic fractures predicted by FracPropag… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073787 - 27 May 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Next-Generation Distribution System Planning, Operation, and Control)
Abstract The increasing integration of distributed generation (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) has significantly enhanced the flexibility and efficiency of distribution networks. However, the growing frequency of extreme weather events has exposed the vulnerability of distribution lines, posing serious challenges to the reliability and resilience of such systems. Existing DG and ESS planning models often neglect this vulnerability dimension, leading to suboptimal siting decisions and reduced system robustness. To address this issue, this paper proposes a comprehensive multi-objective optimization framework that coordinates the allocation of DG and ESS and explicitly incorporates line vulnerability under extreme… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077231 - 27 May 2026
Abstract Increasing demand for freshwater and the need to reduce the carbon intensity of conventional desalination have accelerated interest in solar-driven distillation technologies. This study performs a cradle-to-grave Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) of a nano-enhanced, double-effect single-slope Solar Still fabricated in Nigeria to quantify its embodied environmental impacts and identify material-level hotspots. Modeling was conducted in openLCA v2.4.1 using the Australian Life-Cycle Inventory (2019) database as a proxy. The functional unit was defined as the production of 1 m3 of freshwater distillate over a ten-year operational lifetime. From the analysis, the total Global Warming Potential (GWP100) of the… More >
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