Open Access
ISSN:0199-8595 (print)
ISSN:1546-0118 (online)
Publication Frequency:Monthly
A Proud Tradition
Established in 1904, Energy Engineering has a history of more than 120 years, making it one of the long-standing journals in the field. Throughout its long history, the journal has evolved alongside advances in energy science and technology, consistently serving as a catalyst for innovation and progress. In recent years, it has achieved steady improvements in academic quality, editorial standards, and international influence, and continues to move toward becoming a leading international journal.
Multi-faceted scholarship
Energy Engineering is an open-access, peer-reviewed journal focusing on the engineering aspects of energy research. It provides a global platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, and policy makers to publish original studies across a broad range of energy topics, including energy generation, conversion, conservation, utilization, storage, transmission, systems, technologies, management and sustainability. The journal also explores the societal impacts of energy use and policy, showcasing research that advances sustainable development and supports the transition to cleaner energy systems.
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076328 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Advanced Nuclear Reactors)
Abstract Real-time prediction of temperature distribution in the pressurizer walls of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) during severe accidents, such as Station Blackout (SBO) and Loss-of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) is vital for structural integrity assessment. However, conventional thermal-hydraulic simulations used for such predictions are computationally intensive, limiting their applicability for real-time analysis. This study develops and compares three surrogate models: Polynomial Regression, Deep Neural Network (DNN), and a Physics-Informed Neural Network (PINN). Thermal-hydraulic simulation data generated by RELAP5-3D are integrated with physics-constrained learning techniques to model transient heat conduction in the pressurizer wall. The internal wall temperature evolution… More >
Open Access
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Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.072462 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Low-Carbon Situational Awareness and Dispatch Decision of New-Type Power System Operation)
Abstract Addressing global climate challenges necessitates urgent low carbon transitions in high energy consuming enterprises (HECEs). This study proposes a comprehensive framework to assess their carbon reduction potential (CRP) by integrating electricity usage behavior analysis and dynamic carbon emission factor (DCEF) prediction. HECEs are classified into “electricity reduction” and “electricity transfer” categories based on load characteristics, enabling tailored optimization strategies. The framework employs machine learning to predict DCEFs, capturing real time variations in grid carbon intensity. A low carbon optimization model is then formulated to minimize emissions while adhering to production requirements and grid constraints, solved… More >
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Open Access
REVIEW
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076542 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Renewable Energy and Storage: Harnessing Hydrocarbon Prediction and Polymetric Materials for Enhanced Efficiency and Sustainability)
Abstract Supercapacitors are increasingly deployed as high power buffers in modern energy systems, yet their broader impact is constrained by limited energy density, fragmented testing practices, and incomplete understanding of lifecycle implications. This article presents a critical, method driven review based on a structured literature survey and explicit inclusion criteria, aggregating quantitative performance data for major electrode families (carbon materials, transition metal oxides, conducting polymers, biomass derived carbons, MXenes, and hybrid composites), electrolytes (aqueous, organic, ionic liquid, and gel/solid state), and device architectures (flexible, micro, solid state, lithium ion capacitors, and structural supercapacitors) under harmonized metrics… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079043 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integration of Renewable Energies with the Grid: An Integrated Study of Solar, Wind, Storage, Electric Vehicles, PV and Wind Materials and AI-Driven Technologies)
Abstract Addressing voltage violations and renewable energy absorption bottlenecks arising from high-penetration photovoltaic (PV) integration, this paper proposes a hierarchical optimisation architecture for a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) based on microgrid-distribution network coordination to enhance collaborative regulation of energy storage across multiple microgrids. The methodology comprises a PV hosting capacity assessment model and an HESS operation model that accounts for power supply reliability, forming a two-layer planning framework that integrates distributed decision-making with centralized coordination. At the microgrid level, HESS capacity is determined to minimise the local comprehensive cost, while the allocation ratio between lithium-based More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077390 - 27 April 2026
Abstract The large-scale integration of electric vehicle (EV) and exchange stations (EC) into distribution networks introduces strong spatiotemporal load fluctuations and charging capacity constraints, leading to frequent voltage violations and reduced control flexibility. Traditional centralized control approaches face critical limitations, including high communication latency and computational complexity. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a Hybrid Intelligence (HI)-driven framework for distribution networks, which explicitly considers EV/EC charging power limits, cluster-level resource balance, and voltage security constraints. By incorporating spatiotemporal characteristics with intelligent optimization techniques, a Variant Monte Carlo Sampling (VMCS) algorithm is developed to generate the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076691 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Green Energy Engineering: Optimizing Systems for Net Zero Emissions)
Abstract Increasing requirements on clean, efficient, and sustainable energy technologies have raised interest in hydrogen fuel cells, particularly proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which are operationally characterized by high efficiency with zero emissions. The objective of this work is to study the scattering behaviors of particles participating in scattering under various conditions (energy, efficiency, temperature, cell voltage) at/around the electrode of PEMFC theoretically. For this, we developed a model using a scattering matrix, the Kroll-Watson approximation, the thermal wave function of an electron in a laser field, interaction potential, and Bessel functions to study the… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.073741 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Advanced Nuclear Reactors)
Abstract As a promising solution to the challenges of future clean and reliable energy supply, the Gas-Cooled Micro-Reactor (GCMR) has attracted increasing attention due to its potential for decentralized power generation, carbon-free operation, and flexible deployment in remote or extreme environments. As a novel reactor concept, the GCMR offers advantages such as compact size, inherent safety, and high thermal efficiency. However, conventional core calculation methods face significant challenges due to the complex geometric configurations, heterogeneous material distribution, and pronounced neutron leakage characteristics of the GCMR. This study proposes a diffusion-based homogenization method for GCMR analysis. First,… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.068436 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Renewable Energy and Storage: Harnessing Hydrocarbon Prediction and Polymetric Materials for Enhanced Efficiency and Sustainability)
Abstract With the large-scale integration of wind and solar energy into the power grid, the power system is facing uncertainty challenges in multiple links, such as source, grid, and load. How to efficiently dispatch flexible resources, such as energy storage, has become an urgent problem to be solved. To this end, this paper considers the correlation between new energy stations due to natural conditions, uses Vine-Copula theory to describe the correlation characteristics of the output of multiple new energy stations, and proposes a wind solar new energy output scenario generation method based on Vine-Copula theory; Then,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076252 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advancements in Energy Resources and Their Processes, Systems, Materials and Policies for Affordable Energy Sustainability)
Abstract Energy supply and ventilation for isolated offices in rural areas are strongly recommended to be powered by renewable or standalone energy systems under the concept of net-zero-energy building (netZEB). A rooftop solar chimney is one of the adopted methods for space ventilation to improve thermal comfort. This approach has not been investigated under forced convection to support the netZEB. The objective of the current work is to experimentally assess the effectiveness of natural and forced ventilation methods for a prototype net-zero-energy office with a rooftop solar chimney. The prototype is a low-cost office constructed in… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078171 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Progress and Prospects of Hydraulic Fracture Network Morphology Characterization, Flow Simulation and Optimization Technology for Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
Abstract In multi-cluster horizontal well fracturing, non-uniform propagation due to inter-cluster interference severely limits the effectiveness of reservoir stimulation. This study employs the discrete lattice method for numerical simulation, investigating the influence of cluster spacing, fracturing fluid injection rate, and horizontal stress difference on fracture propagation morphology by monitoring, in real time, the dynamic changes in flow pressure, flow rate, and fluid intake volume for each cluster. The results indicate that the stress shadow effect is the fundamental cause of non-uniform fracture propagation. Cluster spacing is a key parameter controlling the maximum flow pressure difference between… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.072997 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Renewable Energy and Storage: Harnessing Hydrocarbon Prediction and Polymetric Materials for Enhanced Efficiency and Sustainability)
Abstract The integration of high-penetration distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems in low-voltage (LV) distribution networks introduces significant challenges, including voltage violations, power quality degradation, and coordination difficulties among multiple distributed energy resources. Grid-forming converters with droop control offer autonomous voltage and frequency regulation capabilities, yet conventional fixed-parameter droop strategies perform poorly in resistance-dominant LV networks under variable PV generation conditions. This paper proposes an adaptive droop control method that dynamically adjusts control parameters to address these challenges. The proposed strategy incorporates three key innovations: (1) power-flow-aware adaptive voltage droop coefficients specifically designed for resistance-dominant networks, (2) a… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.073197 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovations and Challenges in Smart Grid Technologies)
Abstract With the deepening of the power system reform, an increasing number of microgrids are being integrated into the distribution network. In traditional centralized optimization algorithms, the optimal power flow model of the distribution network and the optimal scheduling model of microgrid clusters are directly coupled and solved simultaneously. This process involves extensive information exchange between the upper distribution network system and the lower microgrid clusters, which not only increases the communication burden but also prolongs computation time and raises computational complexity. Moreover, it requires excessive information sharing, making it difficult to achieve limited information exchange… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077594 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable Energy Community (REC) Engineering towards Sustainable Development and Energy Poverty Reduction)
Abstract Bugesera, a historically drought-prone region in Rwanda, is undergoing transformation through investment in modern irrigation and sustainable agricultural practices. However, extending the national electrical grid to numerous dispersed smallholder farms poses a major challenge. The persistent water scarcity and rising conventional energy costs necessitate the development of innovative and sustainable solutions. This study investigates the use of photovoltaic (PV) pumping systems as a green energy alternative for off-grid rural areas, supporting both agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply. A model system serving five one-hectare market-gardening plots and 25 inhabitants was analyzed, with a total daily… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073516 - 27 April 2026
Abstract Frequent extreme weather events and the increasing popularity of renewable energy have exacerbated the frequency spatiotemporal imbalance in the new power system. To address these issues, this paper proposes a collaborative optimization strategy for virtual inertia spatiotemporal distribution replenishment, aiming to enhance nodal frequency stability through targeted virtual inertia allocation. This strategy integrates the nodal inertia characteristics with frequency response dynamics to establish a spatiotemporal quantitative model for evaluating the equivalent inertia distribution across nodes, thereby overcoming the limitations of conventional global inertia assessments. Furthermore, by implementing differentiated virtual inertia supplementation from renewable energy power More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073542 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Operation and Control of Grid-connected New Energy and Emerging Loads)
Abstract The increasing integration of distributed renewable energy sources in the distribution network leads to unbalanced load rates in the distribution network. The traditional load balancing methods are mainly based on network reconfiguration, which have problems such as a long time scale and poor adaptability. In response to these issues, this paper proposes a distributed iterative learning control (ILC) strategy for load balancing in flexible AC/DC hybrid distribution systems. This method combines the consensus algorithm with the ILC mechanism to construct a multi-terminal AC/DC flexible interconnection system model. It is only necessary to measure the load… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.069005 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI in Green Energy Technologies and Their Applications)
Abstract Urban traffic congestion directly contributes to excessive energy consumption and urban air pollution, requiring adaptive traffic signal control strategies that incorporate sustainability objectives alongside mobility performance. This study proposes a Large Language Model (LLM) driven traffic signal optimization framework that transforms detailed intersection-level traffic states into structured natural-language prompts, enabling the LLM to reason over congestion patterns, queue asymmetry, phase history, and estimated energy emission impacts. Unlike reinforcement learning (RL) based controllers, the LLM requires no task-specific training and operates in a zero-shot manner through carefully designed structured prompts that encode traffic states, phase history,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.072773 - 27 April 2026
Abstract The integration of renewable energy introduces significant uncertainty into daily power system operation scenarios. Traditional deterministic unit commitment methods struggle to adapt to these conditions, often resulting in poor economic performance and high curtailment rates in planning outcomes. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a coordinated thermal power-energy storage planning methodology for managing renewable energy uncertainty. First, the operational effectiveness of daily unit commitment under uncertain renewable energy scenarios is analyzed, with quantitative assessment of how different commitment strategies impact supply-demand balance and economic performance. Subsequently, by conducting flexibility evaluation under multiple renewable energy… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.071463 - 27 April 2026
Abstract This study develops an optimized integrated system for full-capacity hot water supply in hotels by combining solar thermal energy and air-source heat pumps. Using a hotel in Wuhan as a case study, a four-season × four-occupancy multidimensional working-condition matrix was established. Dynamic simulation and multi-objective optimization were performed on TRNSYS-TRNOPT, with the cost-benefit ratio (CBR) as the core evaluation metric. Key parameters—including collector area, tilt and azimuth angles, heat pump capacity, and storage tank volume—were jointly optimized. Model calibration against measured data yielded a deviation of less than 8%. The results demonstrate that the optimized More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076966 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Selected Papers from the SDEWES 2025 Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems)
Abstract This study investigates the use of ammonia as a carbon-free fuel for gas turbines in decarbonized hybrid energy systems. The objective is to predict the emission characteristics of a gas turbine combustion chamber operating on gaseous ammonia by employing detailed combustion kinetics. The chamber is modeled as a network of chemical reactors to simulate the primary reaction zone and the secondary air-mixing zone. The model is based on solving mass and energy conservation equations for chemically reacting flows. Four high-temperature ammonia oxidation mechanisms, comprising 71 to 286 chemical reactions, were used as kinetic schemes. New More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.072397 - 27 April 2026
Abstract When the three-phase grid-connected inverter system is in operation, there are problems of significant switching losses and power losses. At the same time, if the switching frequency is not fixed, it will lead to problems such as a high content of low-order harmonics in the current on the grid side. This paper takes the three-phase grid-connected inverter as the research object and proposes a solution. Establish a mathematical model for the inverter system and analyze the transformation relationships of relevant electrical quantities across different coordinate systems. First, the paper proposes an improved three-vector model predictive… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073586 - 27 April 2026
Abstract To investigate the mechanism governing the continuous decline in fracture conductivity of unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs post-hydraulic fracturing, this study centers on the synergistic effects of two key mechanisms—particle migration and proppant embedment. Through the integration of laboratory experiments and computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) coupled numerical simulations, this study systematically examines the influence patterns of varying closure pressures, particle concentrations, fluid properties, and proppant parameters on fracture conductivity. The experimental results demonstrate that particle migration induces pore blockage within the proppant packing layer. When the fines mass concentration reaches 10%, fracture conductivity is almost… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076916 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advancing Carbon Mitigation Strategies for a Sustainable Future)
Abstract Green growth has revolutionized society by reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, intensifying energy efficiency, and promoting environmentally friendly technologies and energy utilization, eventually leading to sustainable economic development. However, research on the intricate relationship between green growth and CO2 emissions is limited. This study aims to evaluate the impact of green growth, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), renewable energy, and population on environmental sustainability for a panel of 20 OECD countries from 2000 to 2023. Cointegration regression methods (Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares, Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares, and Pooled Mean Group-AutoRegressive Distributed Lags) and pairwise panel More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.075878 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Progress and Prospects of Hydraulic Fracture Network Morphology Characterization, Flow Simulation and Optimization Technology for Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
Abstract The shale oil resources in the Permian Fengcheng Formation of the Mahu Sag exhibit significant potential but are characterized by strong heterogeneity and complex production dynamics, posing challenges for development. This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the reservoir characteristics and production performance of the shale oil reservoir in the second member of the Fengcheng Formation within the MX Block. Utilizing data from three appraisal wells (M1X, M2X, M3H), we systematically evaluated the geological structural features, sedimentary characteristics, complex mineralogy, and petrophysical properties of the reservoir. The production dynamics of all wells display a multi-stage… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078440 - 27 April 2026
Abstract The rapid integration of photovoltaic (PV) generation and energy storage systems has significantly increased the operational complexity of low-voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution networks in zero-carbon parks. Under highly variable operating conditions, conventional DC protection schemes relying on fixed overcurrent thresholds often suffer from maloperation or failure to trip, particularly during fluctuations in PV power, load switching, and changes in network topology. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an adaptive DC protection strategy based on an artificial neural network (ANN)-driven dynamic threshold optimization mechanism. The proposed method replaces static protection settings with an adaptive… More >
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Open Access
ARTICLE
Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077842 - 27 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Selected Papers from the SDEWES 2025 Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems)
Abstract All-solid-state lithium-based batteries represent a critical evolution in energy storage, offering enhanced safety, higher energy density, and superior fast-charging capabilities. However, the integration of solid-state electrolytes introduces complex mechanical interactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface that significantly impact performance and longevity. This study introduces a cyclic plastic hardening model for ceramic electrolytes, moving beyond traditional brittle or linear-elastic assumptions. It presents a Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis of a positive electrode representative volume element (RVE), consisting of spherical Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC811) active material particles embedded in an Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid-state electrolyte matrix, with Gaussian-distribution of particle sizes aimed… More >
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