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• Development of Vehicle-to-Grid System to Regulate the System Parameters of Microgrid
• Om Prakash Mahela¹, Baseem Khan^2,*, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri³
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1261-1298, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.018913
• Abstract This paper proposes a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system interfaced with a microgrid that is effective at regulating frequency on a microgrid over a 24-h cycle. A microgrid is designed and divided into four components. The first component is a diesel generator, which is used to act as the base power generator. The second component consists of renewable energy (RE) power plants, which include solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind plants. The third component is a V2G system. The last component is the load connected to the microgrid. A microgrid is designed to be of sufficient size to represent a community of one… More

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• An Updated Review on Low-Temperature Nanocomposites with a Special Focus on Thermal Management in Buildings
• John Paul¹, K. Kadirgama¹, M. Samykano^2,*, R. Saidur³, A. K. Pandey³, R. V. Mohan⁴
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1299-1325, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019172
• Abstract

  Buildings contribute to 33% of total global energy consumption, which corresponds to 38% of greenhouse gas emissions. Enhancing building’s energy efficiency remains predominant in mitigating global warming. Advancements in thermal energy storage (TES) techniques using phase change material (PCM) have gained much attention among researchers, primarily to minimize energy consumption and to promote the use of renewable energy sources. PCM technology stays as the most promising technology for developing high-performance and energy-efficient buildings. The major drawback of PCM is its poor thermal conductivity which limits its potential use which could be resolved by dispersing conductive nanofillers. The acquired database on… More

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• Numerical Study on Heat Transfer Characteristic of the Plate-Fin Microchannel Heat Sink for Water-Based Thermal Management of CPU Chip
• Jie-Chao Chen, Rui-Hao Luo, Wu-Zhi Yuan, Nan-Long Hong^*, Wen-Hao Wang
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1327-1339, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019331
• （This article belongs to this Special Issue: Advanced Heat Pump Technologies for Renewable Energy Utilization)
• Abstract For effective water-based thermal management of high heat generating CPU chip, a series of numerical simulation has been conducted to study the effects of heat flux, fin height and flow rate on convective thermal performance of the plate-fin microchannel heat sinks. The characteristics of heat transfer and flow resistance have been quantificationally discussed and JF factor is employed to evaluate the comprehensive efficiency of convective heat transfer of microchannel heat sink. Results show that the increase in fin height and flow rate of cooling water is helpful to decrease the maximum temperature of CPU chip. Large flow rate and heat… More
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• Review on Research about Wake Effects of Offshore Wind Turbines
• Yehong Dong^1,2, Guangyin Tang³, Yan Jia⁴, Zekun Wang^4,5, Xiaomin Rong⁵, Chang Cai⁵, Qingan Li⁵, Yingjian Yang^4,5,*
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1341-1360, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019150
• （This article belongs to this Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
• Abstract In recent years, the construction of offshore wind farms is developing rapidly. As the wake effect of the upstream wind turbines seriously affect the performance of the downstream wind turbines, the wake effect of offshore wind turbines has become one of the research hotspots. First, this article reviews the research methods of wake effects, including CFD numerical simulation method, wind turbine wake model based on roughness and engineering wake models. However, there is no general model that can be used directly. Then it puts forward some factors that affect the wake of offshore wind turbines. The turbulence intensity in offshore… More

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• A Preliminary Assessment of Load Consumption and Solar Power Potential at Kota Belud, Sabah
• Maryon Eliza Matius¹, Mohd Azlan Ismail², Adriana Erica Amaludin¹, Yan Yan Farm², Mohd Adzrie Radzali¹, Ahmad Fazlizan³, Wan Khairul Muzammil^2,*
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1361-1377, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019497
• Abstract This paper presents a detailed preliminary assessment of load consumption and solar power potential at the Eco-Tourism Centre of Liogu Ku Silou-Silou (EPLISSI), Kota Belud, Sabah. This initial investigation assessed the feasibility of an off-grid solar PV system at EPLISSI with a suitable solar panel system for project installation and commissioning purposes. Due to the absence of an electrical grid and power supply, no pre-existing electrical appliances could be found in EPLISSI. Hence, an excel-based software, the ESCoBox, was used to produce the load profiles. The input data for this software came from a list of required electrical appliances (LED… More

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• Study of the Flow Mechanism of Wind Turbine Blades in the Yawed Condition
• Shuang Zhao^1,2,3, Xijun Li⁴, Jianwen Wang^1,2,3,*
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1379-1392, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019776
• （This article belongs to this Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
• Abstract The computational fluid dynamics method was used to simulate the flow field around a wind turbine at the yaw angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°. The angle of attack and the relative velocity of the spanwise sections of the blade were extracted with the reference points method. By analyzing the pressure distribution and the flow characteristics of the blade surface, the flow mechanism of the blade surface in the yawed condition was discussed. The results showed that the variations of the angle of attack and the relative velocity were related to the azimuth angle and the radius in the… More
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• Case Analysis of a Pump-Driven Heat Pipe Heat Recovery Ventilator in an Existing Experiment Building
• Zhun Li^1,2,3,*, Zhengrong Ouyang^1,2, Tianbao Sun³, Qiang Li³, Xiaobo Zhao³, Rong Yu³
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1393-1402, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020488
• Abstract The building energy consumption is an important part among the total society energy consumption, in which the energy consumption for air conditioning occupies almost 70%. The energy consumption of the air conditioning system for fresh air handling can be saved effectively when the exhaust air energy could be recovered to preheat or precool the fresh air. Considering the install locations requirements on field, the pump-driven heat pipes (PHP) were developed as heat recovery ventilators (HRVs) and used in an existing experiment building in Beijing Urban. The thermal performance of the PHP HRVs was tested in real operation time periods under… More
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• Prospects and Challenges of Utilizing Solar Energy for the COVID-19 Vaccine Cold Storage in Remote Clinics of Tropical Countries: Review
• Indra Mamad Gandidi^1,*, Apri Wiyono¹, Nugroho Agung Pambudi^2,*, Rahmat Romadhon³, Alfan Sarifudin²
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1403-1418, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019200
• Abstract The rapid spread of COVID-19 pandemic has forced several countries in the world to store vaccines in cold storage towards ensuring their protection from being damaged and to maintain their stability. However, most remote clinics, especially those in the equator and islands, are faced with the challenges of hot climates and the inability to afford electricity resources needed to power the cold storage facility. Meanwhile, the hot equatorial region has abundant solar energy to power the vaccine cold storage but previous studies showed that several field workers do not have the ability to maintain the vaccine storage temperature as indicated… More
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• Short-Term Prediction of Photovoltaic Power Based on Fusion Device Feature-Transfer
• Zhongyao Du^1,*, Xiaoying Chen¹, Hao Wang², Xuheng Wang¹, Yu Deng¹, Liying Sun¹
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1419-1438, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020283
• Abstract To attain the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization, the inevitable choice is the open sharing of power data and connection to the grid of high-permeability renewable energy. However, this approach is hindered by the lack of training data for predicting new grid-connected PV power stations. To overcome this problem, this work uses open and shared power data as input for a short-term PV-power-prediction model based on feature transfer learning to facilitate the generalization of the PV-power-prediction model to multiple PV-power stations. The proposed model integrates a structure model, heat-dissipation conditions, and the loss coefficients of PV modules. Clear-Sky… More
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• Simulating Error-Opening of Pressure Relief Valves of a Station on a Continuous Undulating Oil Pipeline with Large Elevation Difference
• Xiaohua Chen^1,*, Caifu Lan¹, Honghao Zheng², Wang Li¹, Chao Zhao¹, Wenjun Dang³
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1439-1452, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.018208
• （This article belongs to this Special Issue: Innovative Energy Systems Management under the Goals of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality)
• Abstract For oil pipeline in mountain areas, high hydrostatic pressure in the pipeline may cause error-opening of pressure relief valves, and oil is discharged from the pipeline to the pressure relief tanks, bringing spilling-over risk of the pressure relief tanks. Therefore, simulating the error-opening situations of the pressure relief valves and investigating the oil discharge process are necessary for checking the possibility of the spilling-over accident and then proposing measures to improve the pressure relief system. This research focuses on a continuous undulating oil pipeline with large elevation difference and a station along this pipeline, which is named B station in… More
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• Study of Denoising in the Electricity Anti-Stealing Detection Based on VMD-WTD Combination
• Huakun Que¹, Guolong Lin², Wenchong Guo¹, Xiaofeng Feng¹, Zetao Jiang¹, Yunfei Cao^2,*, Jinmin Fan², Zhixian Ni³
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1453-1466, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.018448
• Abstract In order to solve the failure of electricity anti-stealing detection device triggered by the noise mixed in high-frequency electricity stealing signals, a denoising method based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and wavelet threshold denoising (WTD) was applied to extract the effective high-frequency electricity stealing signals. First, the signal polluted by noise was pre-decomposed using the VMD algorithm, the instantaneous frequency means of each pre-decomposed components was analyzed, so as to determine the optimal K value. The optimal K value was used to decompose the polluted signal into K intrinsic mode components, and the sensitive mode components were determined through the… More

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• Grid-Connected Control Strategy of VSG under Complex Grid Voltage Conditions
• Bin Zhang, Yanjun Jin^*
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1467-1482, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.018233
• Abstract Under complex grid conditions, the grid voltage usually has an imbalance, low order harmonics, and a small of DC bias. When the grid voltage contains low order harmonics and a small amount of DC bias component, the inverter's output current cannot meet the grid connection requirements, and there is a three-phase current imbalance in the control strategy of common VSG under unbalanced voltage. A theoretical analysis of non-ideal power grids is carried out, and a VSG control strategy under complex operating conditions is proposed. Firstly, the third-order generalized integrator (TOGI) is used to eliminate the influence of the DC component… More
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• Experimental Performance Analysis of a Corrugation Type Solar Air Heater (CTSAH)
• Aravindh Madhavankutty Ambika^1,2,*, Aarjab Ghimire², Sreekumar Appukuttan²
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1483-1499, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.017618
• （This article belongs to this Special Issue: Modeling of Artificial Intelligence controller for Microgrid and SmartGrid application)
• Abstract This paper explains the experimental performance evaluation of a Corrugated Type Solar Air Heater (CTSAH) for understanding its performance in a humid tropical climatic condition in Puducherry, India. This helps in understanding its effectiveness in using it for drying application of products like seafood, etc. Experiments were conducted at different mass flow rates and their effect on the heat gain, efficiency, friction factor heat transfer, etc., was analyzed. Experiments were carried out at different mass flow rates, i.e., M1 = 0.06 kg/s, M2 = 0.14 kg/s, M3 = 0.17 kg/s, M4 = 0.25 kg/s, M5 = 0.3 kg/s, and were conducted from 11:00… More
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• Multi-Agent Consensus Control Scheme for the Load Control Problem
• Te Xu¹, Zhixian Lin¹, Xinwei Lin¹, Changsheng Lin¹, Feng Gao¹, Zixuan Li², Peiwen Liu^2,*
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1501-1515, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020082
• Abstract With the help of smart grid technologies, a lot of electrical loads can provide demand response to support the active power balance of the grid. Compared with centralized control methods, decentralized methods reduce the computational burden of the control center and enhance the reliability of the communication. In this paper, a novel second-order multi-agent consensus control method is proposed for load control problem. By introducing the velocity state into the model, the proposed method achieves better performance than traditional ones. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. More
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• Kalman-Filtering-Based Frequency Control Strategy Considering Electrolytic Aluminum Load
• Yuqin Chen, Shihai Yang^*, Yueping Kong, Mingming Chen
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1517-1529, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019646
• （This article belongs to this Special Issue: Key Technologies of Renewable Energy Consumption and Optimal Operation under "Dual Carbon Targets")
• Abstract Traditional thermal power units are continuously replaced by renewable energies, of which fluctuations and intermittence impose pressure on the frequency stability of the power system. Electrolytic aluminum load (EAL) accounts for large amount of the local electric loads in some areas. The participation of EAL in local frequency control has huge application prospects. However, the controller design of EAL is difficult due to the measurement noise of the system frequency and the nonlinear dynamics of the EAL’s electric power consumption. Focusing on this problem, this paper proposes a control strategy for EAL to participate in the frequency control. For the… More
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• A Novel Aquila Optimizer Based PV Array Reconfiguration Scheme to Generate Maximum Energy under Partial Shading Condition
• Dong An¹, Junqing Jia¹, Wenchao Cai¹, Deyu Yang¹, Chao Lv¹, Jiawei Zhu², Yingying Jiao^3,*
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1531-1545, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019284
• （This article belongs to this Special Issue: Key Technologies of Renewable Energy Consumption and Optimal Operation under "Dual Carbon Targets")
• Abstract This paper develops a real-time PV arrays maximum power harvesting scheme under partial shading condition (PSC) by reconfiguring PV arrays using Aquila optimizer (AO). AO is based on the natural behaviors of Aquila in capturing prey, which can choose the best hunting mechanism ingeniously and quickly by balancing the local exploitation and global exploration via four hunting methods of Aquila: choosing the searching area through high soar with the vertical stoop, exploring in different searching spaces through contour flight with quick glide attack, exploiting in convergence searching space through low flight with slow attack, and swooping through walk and grabbing… More

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• Suitability Evaluation of Hydrogen Production and Hydrogenation Station Based on AHP-Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method
• Sainan Zhang, Jing Xue^*, Xudong Sun
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1547-1567, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019450
• Abstract Since there are multiple influencing factors and lack of evaluation standards for the construction of hydrogen production and hydrogenation station in China, this paper establishes the suitability evaluation index system of hydrogen production and hydrogenation station from four aspects of technology, economy, environment and safety. Combined with actual conditions, this paper uses Analytic Hierarch Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Comprehensive evaluation to evaluate water electrolysis hydrogen and hydrogenation production station and natural gas reformation hydrogen production and hydrogenation station. The results show that hydrogen producing by water electrolysis is more efficient than natural gas reformation in hydrogen production and hydrogenation station,… More

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• Typical Application Scenarios and Economic Benefit Evaluation Methods of Battery Energy Storage System
• Ming Zeng^1,2, Haibin Cao¹, Ting Pan^1,2,*, Pinduan Hu^1,2, Shi Tian¹, Lijun Zhong³, Zhi Ling⁴
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1569-1586, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019488
• Abstract Energy storage system is an important means to improve the flexibility and safety of traditional power system, but it has the problem of high cost and unclear value recovery path. In this paper, the typical application scenarios of energy storage system are summarized and analyzed from the perspectives of user side, power grid side and power generation side. Based on the typical application scenarios, the economic benefit assessment framework of energy storage system including value, time and efficiency indicators is proposed. Typical battery energy storage projects are selected for economic benefit calculation according to different scenarios, and key factors are… More
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• Experimental Investigation on Prototype Latent Heat Thermal Battery Charging and Discharging Function Integrated with Solar Collector
• Farhood Sarrafzadeh Javadi¹, Hendrik Simon Cornelis Metselaar^1,2,*, Poo Balan Ganesan¹
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1587-1610, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020304
• Abstract This paper reports the performance investigation of a newly developed Latent Heat Thermal Battery (LHTB) integrated with a solar collector as the main source of heat. The LHTB is a new solution in the field of thermal storage and developed based on the battery concept in terms of recharge ability, portability and usability as a standalone device. It is fabricated based on the thermal battery storage concept and consists of a plate-fin and tube heat exchanger located inside the battery casing and paraffin wax which is used as a latent heat storage material. Solar thermal energy is absorbed by solar… More
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• A Literature Review on Sustainability of Bio-Based and Biodegradable Plastics: Challenges and Opportunities
• Taofeeq D. Moshood, Gusman Nawanir, Fatimah Mahmud^*, Fazeeda Mohamad, Mohd Hanafiah Ahmad, Airin AbdulGhani
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1611-1647, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019028
• Abstract This study examines the literature on bio-based and biodegradable plastics published between 2000 and 2021 and provides insights and research suggestions for the future. The study gathers data from the Scopus and ISI Web of Science databases, then picks 1042 publications objectively and analyses their metadata. Furthermore, 144 papers from the Web of Science are analysed to present insights and classifications of the literature based on content analyses, including assessment/evaluation of the sustainability of bio-based and biodegradable Plastics, sustainability of biodegradable Plastics, and factors driving the uptake of biodegradable plastics. The study finds that most research on bio-based and biodegradable… More
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• An Advanced Control Strategy for Dual-Actuator Driving System in Full-Scale Fatigue Test of Wind Turbine Blades
• Guanhua Wang¹, Jinghua Wang¹, Xuemei Huang^1,*, Leian Zhang¹, Weisheng Liu²
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1649-1662, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019695
• Abstract A new dual-actuator fatigue loading system of wind turbine blades was designed. Compared with the traditional pendulum loading mode, the masses in this system only moved linearly along the loading direction to increase the exciting force. However, the two actuators and the blade constituted a complicated non-linear energy transferring system, which led to the non-synchronization of actuators. On-site test results showed that the virtual spindle synchronous strategy commonly used in synchronous control was undesirable and caused the instability of the blade’s amplitude eventually. A cross-coupled control strategy based on the active disturbance rejection algorithm was proposed. Firstly, a control system… More
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• Influencing Factors of Total Factor Energy Efficiency in Bohai Rim Region Based on DEA-Tobit Model
• Weifeng Gong^1,3, Xiaohong Qi², Chuanhui Wang^1,*, Wenwen Li^1,3, Yang Xu⁴
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1663-1679, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.018886
• Abstract Bohai Rim region is an important economic development area and a large carbon emission area in China. It is of great significance to explore the total factor energy efficiency and its influencing factors for the low carbon transformation and high-quality development of the Bohai Rim region. Based on the total factor energy efficiency framework, the DDF-DEA model was used to calculate the total factor energy efficiency, and the internal and external differences of the total factor energy efficiency were further analyzed. The internal and external influencing factors were determined by ML index method and classical endogenous growth theory, and then… More
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• Study of CO₂ Flooding to Improve Development Effect in Conglomerate Reservoirs
• Haihai Dong¹, Yaguang Qu^2,3,*, Ming Liu⁴, Lei Zhang¹, Jiakun Wu⁵
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1681-1695, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019843
• Abstract For low permeability sandstone reservoirs, CO₂ flooding has been proved to be an effective method to enhance oil recovery. Reservoir A is a typical conglomerate reservoir in Xinjiang oilfield. The reservoir has strong water sensitivity, and the injection pressure continues to rise. Furthermore the oil well pressure continues to drop. According to the screening conditions of CO₂ flooding, the reservoir A can easily achieve CO₂ miscible flooding with moderate temperature. And the reservoir has the advantage of being close to the gas source. Firstly, the relationship curve between CO₂ oil displacement efficiency and oil displacement pressure was obtained by changing… More
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• Soot Distribution and Thermal Regeneration of Marine Diesel Particulate Filter
• Xiangli Wang¹, Peiyong Ni^2,*
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1697-1710, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021070
• Abstract Diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a leading technology reducing particle emissions from marine diesel engines. The removal or regeneration of soot in DPF is an important issue. The purpose of this study is to provide some reference strategies to design the DPF for marine diesel engines. In this paper, a mathematical model of a marine DPF was built up and the particle trap process and the regeneration dynamics were simulated. The results show that the cake soot mass concentrations from 0 to 4.2 g/L during the trap process increase linearly with the increase of the exhaust gas flows while the… More
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• Modeling and Simulation Analysis of Solar Thermal Electric Plants Based on Petri Net
• Rong Huang¹, Xiaojuan Lu^2,*, Zeping Liang², Pengfei Gao¹, Tian Liang¹
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1711-1728, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019128
• Abstract At present, solar thermal power generation is in the demonstration stage, and the large-scale production is affected by many factors. In view of the characteristics of different operating modes of photothermal power generation, it is analyzed that the turbine needs to be started and stopped frequently due to different operating modes, which will lead to the instability of the output energy and the reduction of power generation efficiency. In this paper, the dynamic equation of energy conversion process is established by using the law of conservation of energy and conservation of mass. Combined with the logic switching criterion of the… More

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• Performance Analysis of a Rooftop Hybrid Connected Solar PV System
• Hasan Falih, Ahmed J. Hamed, Abdul Hadi N. Khalifa^*
• Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.4, pp. 1729-1744, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021190
• Abstract In the present work, a 5-kW hybrid PV solar system was installed on the roof of a house in Diyala, Iraq (33.77° N, 45.14° E elevation 44 m). The system consists of two strings, where each string consists of nine polycrystalline PV modules with 355 Wp in series, and the two strings are in parallel. The energy storage system (ESS) consists of two parallel strings, each with four 12 V and 150 Ah tubular deep cycle batteries in series. A hybrid inverter of 5 kW rated power was operated in different modes. The results showed that May’s monthly energy consumption was about 822.9… More

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