Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhibiao Luo1, Bo Yang1,*, Jingbo Wang2, Shuai Zhou3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.084853
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence in Energy Systems: Challenges, Opportunities, and Emerging Applications)
Abstract To address multi-agent interest coordination in integrated energy parks, time-varying carbon responsibility of grid power purchases, and insufficient collaborative optimization of low-carbon coupling units, this paper proposes a Stackelberg game-based low-carbon optimal dispatch model for integrated energy systems (IESs) by incorporating dynamic carbon emission factors (DCEFs). A hybrid solution framework combining the caterpillar fungus optimizer (CFO) and CPLEX is employed to solve the resulting bilevel problem. The model establishes a bi-level Stackelberg game among an integrated energy system operator (IESO), an energy supplier (ES), and a load aggregator (LA). DCEFs and branch carbon emission flows… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yongquan Sun1, Wenxin Yan2,3,*, Guangzhong Lv4, Chuixian Kong5, Zhonghui Wu6, Yongmao Hao2,3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077987
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Geomechanical Issures in the Development of Reservoirs and New Energy)
Abstract Tight oil reservoirs are prone to severe gas channeling during CO2 flooding, resulting in low sweep efficiency and significantly limiting oil recovery. In this study, a multi-medium composite flooding system involving CO2-nanowater-gel-water was proposed and its enhanced oil recovery potential was systematically investigated through series and parallel long-core flooding experiments. The experimental results indicate that the recovery factor of CO2 flooding in homogeneous cores can reach 62.54%, primarily driven by the extraction of light and intermediate hydrocarbon components, as well as the effects of crude oil swelling and viscosity reduction. In fractured cores, by adopting the optimal… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Weihan Hao1,2, Jinchuan Guo2, Guanyan Peng2, Zeyong Liang2, Kepeng Xia3, Peirong Ji4,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077652
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Prediction and Control for Offshore Energy: Harvesting, Conversion, Storage and Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract The output of offshore wind power (OWP) exhibits significant intermittency and randomness. After being integrated into the power grid via flexible high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission, it poses higher demands on system operation and scheduling. To overcome the limitations of traditional methods in complex combined scenarios involving OWP flexible HVDC transmission and photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected units, as well as issues such as the tendency of single intelligent optimization algorithms to get trapped in local optima and exhibit sluggish convergence rates, this paper proposes a collaborative optimization strategy for generator unit commitment (UC) with wind-solar… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xin Guan1,*, Dechen Kong1, Hao Tang1, Bo Liu1, Chuang Zhao2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075468
Abstract Numerical calibration of wind power is a critical strategy for mitigating power generation deficits and optimizing the micro-siting of wind turbine units. As wind energy development shifts towards mountainous regions, accurate assessment in these environments becomes increasingly challenging due to complex turbulence structures. This paper conducts a theoretical and numerical investigation of atmospheric boundary layer flow in complex terrain. Utilizing the industry-standard Askervein Hill benchmark for validation, we first evaluate the influence of top boundary condition settings in rectangular fluid domains on the simulation accuracy of the equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer. Subsequently, the study proposes… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xinmeng Zhou1, Jing Shi1,*, Zhenping Yu2, Junyu Liu1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.086625
Abstract Sub-synchronous oscillation (SSO) is a critical stability threat in wind farms connected to power grids through series-compensated transmission lines, where delayed or inaccurate recognition may lead to converter overcurrent, turbine disconnection, shaft torsional vibration, and large-scale power fluctuations. Existing model-based approaches depend heavily on complete system parameters, while conventional signal-processing methods often require long observation windows and are less suitable for rapid online warning. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a physics-aware data-to-image recognition framework and a transfer-learning-based prior VGG model for identifying SSO hazard levels in series-compensated doubly fed induction generator wind farms.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zheng Cao, Wei Li*, Teng Li
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.085812
Abstract The hoisting unit is a key electromechanical energy-conversion component in a hoisting-based gravity energy storage system (GESS). Under heavy-load start-up conditions, an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM)-driven hoisting unit may suffer from start-up rollback, delayed torque buildup, and low-speed current fluctuation, which reduce start-up reliability. This paper develops a torque-balance-based adaptive gravity feedforward (AGF) compensation framework for improving the heavy-load start-up performance of an IPMSM-driven GESS hoisting unit. An electromechanically coupled model is established to describe the interaction among the IPMSM drive, transmission mechanism, inclined load, and nonlinear friction. Based on the model, the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhongjie Chen1, Zenan Wang2, Siyu Chen3, Nanyang Zhu1,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.085414
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Anti-misoperation Control and Risk Prevention for New Power Systems)
Abstract Accurate probabilistic wind farm power forecasting is essential for reserve scheduling, dispatch decision-making, and risk-aware operation under high levels of wind power penetration. However, short-term wind power sequences exhibit strong nonstationarity, heterogeneous environmental variables exhibit time-varying predictive relevance under different meteorological regimes and operating states, and historical operating states and future numerical weather prediction (NWP) variables contribute differently over the forecasting horizon. In addition, direct quantile forecasts may suffer from quantile crossing or physically inconsistent wind-speed-power responses. To address these issues, this paper proposes a physics-regularized gated model for short-term probabilistic wind farm power forecasting,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hamza Kamel1, Fatima Id Ouissaaden1, Yassine Essakali1, Fahd Elmourabit1, Oumaima Mesbahi2, Said Dlimi1,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.085033
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Clean Energy Technologies for a Sustainable Future)
Abstract The increasing deployment of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems has made solar energy one of the most promising renewable energy sources for achieving a sustainable and low-carbon energy future. However, the performance of PV systems is strongly influenced by environmental conditions, particularly partial shading caused by clouds, nearby buildings, trees, or other obstacles. Partial shading can lead to significant power losses, reduced energy yield, and potential degradation of system performance. Therefore, evaluating the behavior of PV systems under such operating conditions is essential for improving their reliability and efficiency. This paper presents an analysis of the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Chuan Yuan1, Zhu Liang1, Ke Xu1,2, Yufan Chen1,2, Chang Liu1, Jian Zeng1, Hao Li3, Weiting Xu1,2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.084558
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Collaborative Operation and Market Participation Mechanisms of Distributed Energy Resources in New Power Systems)
Abstract Large-scale integration of customer-side flexible resources and distributed resources can aggravate line congestion and voltage violations in active distribution networks, particularly under power supply guarantee scenarios. This paper develops a bi-level congestion management method that coordinates heterogeneous flexible resources through a Stackelberg game framework. Distributed energy storage, electric vehicles, interruptible loads, and time-shiftable loads are scheduled, and vehicle-to-grid capability is explicitly incorporated to enhance operational flexibility during critical supply periods. The model captures the interaction between the load aggregator (LA) and the distribution system operator (DSO): the LA optimizes the dispatch of aggregated flexible resources… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Longwei Ma, Yue Meng*, Xinkai Li, Cong Wang, Ping Ma
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083169
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integration of Renewable Energies with the Grid: An Integrated Study of Solar, Wind, Storage, Electric Vehicles, PV and Wind Materials and AI-Driven Technologies)
Abstract To address the difficulty of balancing economy, low-carbon performance, and user-side acceptability in virtual power plant operation under high penetration of renewable energy, this paper proposes a low-carbon optimal dispatch model for a virtual power plant considering concentrated solar power (CSP)-hydrogen synergy and asymmetric user satisfaction. First, a coordinated operation model of CSP and hydrogen energy is established by incorporating a CSP plant, hydrogen conversion devices, hydrogen-blended gas equipment, and multiple types of energy storage systems into a unified dispatch framework. Second, to overcome the limitation of conventional user satisfaction models in reflecting users’ differentiated… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jeevani Jayasinghe1,2, Chee-Onn Chow2, Lasini Wickramasinghe1, Upaka Rathnayake3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.085002
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence Applications in Renewable Energy Forecasting: Methods, Challenges, and Future Directions)
Abstract Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems operate under weather conditions that differ significantly from Standard Test Conditions (STC), particularly in tropical regions. This study examines the impact of climatic factors on rooftop PV power generation in the Kurunegala district of Sri Lanka using measured power output and meteorological data. Three grid-connected PV systems with a capacity of 5 kW were monitored over six months, with hourly power output and inverter temperature recorded during the daytime. Corresponding weather data, including solar irradiance, ambient temperature, relative humidity, and cloud cover, were used in this research to identify their… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Sri Suresh Mavuri1, Surender Reddy Salkuti2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083940
Abstract The operational flexibility and reliability of Multi-Microgrid (MMG) networks have been greatly increased by the growing adoption of Distributed Generation (DG) within the operational framework of the contemporary power infrastructure. Optimal location and size of DG units are, however, significant issues since the problem is complex, nonlinear, and multi-objective. A proposed study will develop a sophisticated optimization model using the Spider Wasp Optimization (SWO) algorithm to optimally allocate and size DGs in MMG systems. The goal of the proposed approach is to reduce essential economic goals, such as total operating cost, Levelized Cost of Energy… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jianxing Xiong1, Weiting Li1, Yongwu Mei1, Zezhong Zhu1, Yankun Hu1, Xiaomei Wu2, Wenyang Deng2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.085297
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Active System Support, Resilience, and Electricity Markets of Large-Scale Renewable Energy Systems)
Abstract Extreme weather events can severely compromise urban distribution systems and further disrupt essential public services through interdependent infrastructure dependencies. Under severe flooding events, substations and distribution facilities located in flood-prone areas may become unavailable due to inundation and protection-triggered outages. Such failures can disable electricity-dependent pumping stations and building-level secondary water supply facilities, thereby amplifying electrical disruptions into large-scale water service losses. To support resilience-oriented risk assessment of urban distribution systems, this paper proposes a flood risk assessment method that explicitly incorporates cascading water supply service disruptions in coupled electricity-water infrastructure. A hierarchical failure propagation… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hasanain A. Abdul Wahhab1,*, Hamid Abdallah Dhaher2, Miqdam T. Chaichan3,4, Saif Ali Kadhim5, Hayder Mohsin Ali5, Muataz S. Alhassan6, Mohammed Fathi Muzahem3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083821
Abstract The magnetohydrodynamics of bubbly nanofluid flow in a horizontal pipe was studied. The drag-reduction effect of the behavior of a magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid in bubbly flow was experimentally verified by generating bubbles in the flow. The study examined the effects of the magnetic field on bubble formation by observing bubble characteristics, including shape, size, and trajectory. The experimental analysis adopted an optical system using a high-speed video camera. A MATLAB code was developed to track bubble formation in bubbly flow. The magnetic field affects the continuous nanofluid phase and, in turn, influences the gas phase and… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Theint Theint Maw, Shuai Zhou*, Tek Tjing Lie
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081744
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI in Green Energy Technologies and Their Applications)
Abstract The rapid deployment of distributed energy resources (DERs), including photovoltaic (PV) generation, wind turbines (WT), battery energy storage systems (BESS), and electric vehicles (EVs), is transforming modern distribution networks by introducing bidirectional power flows, voltage variations, and increased operational complexity, thereby require enhanced system resilience. This paper presents a systematic review of multi-objective optimization approaches for interconnected multi-microgrid (MMG) systems with explicit consideration of resilience, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A structured literature search and screening process was conducted across major databases, including IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, covering publications from 2015 to 2026. The More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ye Tao1,2, Qiong Cui2, Haobo Chen2, Jing Zhang1,2, Zitong Tang1,2, Zhuoying Liao1,2, Jie Shu1,2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.085951
Abstract Photovoltaic (PV) output is significantly affected by meteorological factors such as irradiance, cloud cover, temperature, and humidity, and the power sequence typically exhibits strong non-stationarity and random fluctuations. To address the difficulty of a single model in simultaneously handling local variations and long-range dependencies, this paper proposes a hybrid prediction model based on Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), Transformer, and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). First, key meteorological features are selected through Pearson correlation analysis, and similar day types such as sunny days and rainy days are classified using K-means clustering. Subsequently, VMD… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yuhao Cui1, Fei Dong1, Enhui Wu1, Zheng Zhang2, Shengfang Shi1,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.086224
Abstract Although manganese-based perovskites exhibit good electrocatalytic performance in ideal half-cells, they face challenges in practical zinc-air batteries (ZABs), such as polarization loss and structural degradation occurring in highly alkaline environments and after multiple cycles. A-site doping can enhance the initial intrinsic activity, but the addition of soluble alkaline earth metals severely damages lattice stability, indicating the need to balance catalytic ability and structural strength. In this study, we propose a novel approach that combines A-site stoichiometry control of La0.5MnO3−α with acid-etched surface modification to address these issues. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy explicitly confirmed the successful surface reconstruction… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yiming Ke1,2, Kai Chen1,2, Xuri Huang1,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.085090
Abstract The increasing penetration of renewable energy sources such as wind power, characterized by volatility and randomness, poses significant challenges to the secure and stable operation of the power system. Demand response is an effective means to address this issue. However, existing research lacks effective methods to accurately quantify the response potential of practical multi-type industrial loads that possess greater response potential. Firstly, this study analyses the production modes and load adjustment methods of three typical industrial loads, establishing a two-way mapping model between their response behaviours and the decision-making behaviours of the dispatching center. Secondly,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Rongfeng Deng1, Xiaorui Hu2,3, Yuliang Liu2,3,*, Yuan Leng1, Xi Liu1, Shixu Zhang2,3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.084302
Abstract Driven by the “Dual-Carbon” targets, precise, real-time, and cost-effective carbon emission monitoring has become imperative for formulating regional mitigation policies and evaluating compliance. However, conventional monitoring practices are often hindered by high costs, data latency, and the failure of static models to adapt to dynamic environmental shifts. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes an adaptive dynamic prediction framework grounded in an “electricity-to-carbon” mechanism. First, a hybrid Grey Model-Backpropagation (GM(1,1)-BP) neural network is developed to precisely model the non-linear coupling between power consumption and carbon emissions. Next, a Fuzzy-Weighted Drift Detection Method (FW-DDM) is integrated More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yuan Leng1, Ao Chai2,3, Yuliang Liu2,3,*, Rongfeng Deng1, Xi Liu1, Xiaorui Hu2,3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083794
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Hydrogen Energy Systems: Storage, Power-to-Hydrogen, and AI-Enabled Design, Planning, and Operation)
Abstract To address the critical issues of lagging monitoring and inaccurate early warning in regional carbon emissions, this paper constructs a DDPR dynamic early warning model. This model is supported by “electricity-based carbon emission estimation” technology and integrates an improved Grey Model GM(1,1)-BP neural network optimized by BOA with concept drift retraining. A case study was conducted using monthly data from China’s Guangdong Province from 2020 to 2024 to verify the calculation accuracy and applicability of the early warning framework. Results demonstrate that the improved electricity-to-carbon prediction model delivers high-frequency calculation with a relative error rate… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yujie Yan1,2, Na An2, Yanling Wang1,*, Xiongwei Liu2, Cheng Ji2, Shu Jiang3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.070608
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Geomechanical Issures in the Development of Reservoirs and New Energy)
Abstract Hydraulic fracturing technology is regarded as the most prevalent and effective means for unlocking tight natural fractured sandstone reservoirs and understanding the fracture and pre-existing natural fracture interaction is critical in the hydraulic fracturing design. Based on the global cohesive element model, the geological and engineering parameters were compared to explore the stimulation effectiveness. Numerical simulations demonstrate that when hydraulic fractures encounter natural fractures, various phenomena such as sliding, termination, and crossing occur, demonstrating the complex mechanical interaction. As the joint fracture energy (JFE) increases, a decrease in the total length and width of the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Bo Cai*, Song Jin, Jiaqi Zhang, Lei Hua
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083149
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advancements in Energy Efficiency and Thermal Management for Data Center)
Abstract Aiming at the high heat flux heat dissipation requirements of high-power electronic devices, this paper adopts the topology optimization method, with the dual goals of minimizing the average temperature and flow power dissipation, including single inlet single outlet (SISO), single inlet double outlet (SIDO), double inlet single outlet (DISO) and double inlet double outlet (DIDO), four flow channel layout design domains 6 mm2 × 8 mm2 are used to optimize the structure and study the heat transfer characteristics. The results show that with the increase of pressure drop, the optimized flow channel presents the characteristics of… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ruanming Huang1, Yuchen Qi1, Yaoliang Zhu1, Chen Qian1, Haojie Li2,*, Bing Wang2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083133
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Grid Integration and Electrical Engineering of Wind Energy Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Applications)
Abstract With the continuous expansion of installed capacity of renewable energy represented by wind power, modern power systems are increasingly characterized by high penetration of power electronics. This trend leads to reduced system inertia and compromised disturbance resilience, posing prominent challenges to frequency stability. Mainstream wind turbines operating in maximum power point tracking (MPPT) mode typically lack effective responses to system frequency fluctuations. Although conventional fixed-parameter virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology can provide inertial support, it struggles to balance dynamic response speed and operational stability under variable operating conditions. To address these issues, this paper proposes… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Supriya Wadekar1, Shailendra Mittal1, Ganesh Wakte2,*, Mrunali Kite2, Aditya Ghonmode2, Riya Devkate2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082685
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Renewable Energy Community (REC) Engineering towards Sustainable Development and Energy Poverty Reduction)
Abstract The rapid expansion of electric vehicles (EVs) and the emergence of the Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV) have created considerable operational challenges for modern power systems. Large-scale EV charging can cause peak demand surges, voltage instability, and inefficient utilization of renewable energy resources when charging activities are not effectively coordinated. This study proposes an uncertainty-aware distributed optimization framework for smart EV charging in cyber-physical smart grids, in which charging schedules are coordinated while simultaneously considering grid capacity constraints, stochastic EV arrival patterns, renewable energy variability, and battery degradation effects. A multi-objective optimization model is formulated… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Tianxiong Xiao1, Zhi Zou1, Hai Yan1, Linjing Fu1, Yifei Zhu2,*, Lei Zhang2, Xi Chen2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083233
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Next-Generation Energy Forecasting)
Abstract Due to the complex operating characteristics of loads in power distribution networks, three-phase loads exhibit strong non-stationarity and complex phase-to-phase coupling, thereby adversely affecting the power quality of distribution networks. However, existing decomposition-based forecasting methods usually rely on global or offline feature extraction and insufficiently consider local frequency drift, inter-phase dependency, and real-time deployment. To address these limitations, this paper proposes a causality-preserving real-time forecasting framework that integrates snow ablation optimization-assisted short-time variational mode decomposition (SAO-STVMD) with a serial gated hybrid neural network. Specifically, SAO is used to adaptively determine the key STVMD parameters, and… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yijun Miao1, Erxun Huang1, Tao Shen1, Chuansheng Cao1, Jing Liu1, Ruonan Li2,3,*, Chang Wen2,3, Tianyu Liu2,3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.084439
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI in Green Energy Technologies and Their Applications)
Abstract To improve the comprehensiveness and uncertainty representation of rural integrated energy system evaluation, this study develops a multidimensional assessment framework covering efficiency, supply reliability, low-carbon performance, environmental impacts, economic benefits, social benefits, and system development. The framework integrates improved AHP, entropy weighting, and a sum-of-squared-deviations combination strategy to balance expert judgment with data-driven information, while the cloud model is used to quantify both fuzziness and randomness in the evaluation process. Three rural energy revolution pilot counties in China—Wendeng District, Changfeng County, and Liyang City—were selected for empirical validation. The comprehensive expectation values were 78.573, 81.032, More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Viktoriia Mykytenko1,*, Veronika Khudolei2, Oleksandr Hurin3, Halyna Kryshtal4, Svetlana Mishchenko5, Roman Iskiv6
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.084053
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Circular Energy Systems and Sustainable Pathways for Decarbonization)
Abstract This study develops a conceptual and analytical approach to assessing energy system (ES) resilience under conditions of a low-carbon transition, with particular attention to the role of operational constraints and adaptive capacity. The study demonstrates that, under conditions of polycrisis transformation, ES resilience cannot be adequately evaluated solely through technical and technological indicators, but requires the integration of functional, institutional, and operational parameters. An integrated resilience model is proposed in which operational constraints are interpreted as an endogenous structural factor that determines the boundary conditions of system functioning and shapes ES development trajectories. The methodological… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Cong Zhang1,2, Peng Huang2, Jun Li2, Xin Ma2, Yefan Shu2, Dingkun Wang2, Wan Chen1,2, Zujun Ding1, Jie Ji1,2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080177
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances and Emerging Trends in Photovoltaic Technologies, Energy Storage, and Green Hydrogen)
Abstract To address the challenges of intermittent regulation and multi-objective coordination in high-penetration photovoltaic (PV) grid integration systems, this study constructs a PV-storage-charge synergistic optimization framework. Through the deep integration of multi-timescale forecasting and dynamic scheduling mechanisms, the dispatchability, economic efficiency, and environmental compatibility of the power grid are significantly enhanced. Taking a distributed photovoltaic (PV) system with a capacity of 3191.1 MW in the Huaian region as an empirical case, a complete methodological system is established, encompassing multi-source data fusion, geographically adaptive prediction, improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO), and holistic validation. The study proposes… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Dexin Li1,2, Song Gao2, Rui Xu1, Cong Sun1,*, Heling Yang1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076664
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Grid Integration and Electrical Engineering of Wind Energy Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Applications)
Abstract Sub-synchronous oscillations (SSOs) have become a growing concern in DFIG (Doubly fed Induction Generator)-based wind farms due to complex interactions between converter control and grid dynamics. This paper proposes a time-varying oscillation suppression strategy based on a Dual-Layer Adaptive Band-Pass filter (DL-ABPF). The outer-layer filter separates and tracks the target oscillation mode, while the inner-layer filter is activated under dual discriminant criteria to achieve real-time directional damping. Within a wide-area monitoring framework, the strategy employs secondary dynamic data storage and the ESPRIT algorithm for online identification of modal frequency and damping factor. Once activated, the More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Shun Yao, Bin Ji, Jiangcheng Li, Leiming Cheng, Yiming Zhang*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.085439
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI in Green Energy Technologies and Their Applications)
Abstract To address the problems of insufficient topology awareness and the difficulty of high-dimensional discrete-continuous joint decision-making in the configuration of distributed energy storage in distribution networks with high penetration of renewable energy, this paper proposes a bi-level optimal configuration method based on graph-structure-enhanced multi-agent reinforcement learning. First, a bi-level framework of “upper-layer multi-agent cooperative planning and lower-layer operational verification” is constructed. In the upper layer, Laplacian positional encoding and topology-consistency self-supervised constraints are introduced to enhance the agents’ structural perception of coupling relationships among power network nodes. In addition, Gumbel-Top-K sampling, combined with action masking, More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ming Wen1, Yongjie Zhong1, Leijie He1, Yuan Liu1, Xiaojing Wang2,3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083302
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Digital Twin and AI-Enabled Engineering Applications for Modern Power Energy Systems)
Abstract To address the intermittency of distributed energy resources and the coordinated operation of microgrid clusters, this paper investigates interaction strategies for microgrid clusters considering a hierarchical control framework. First, a refined microgrid operation model is developed, incorporating flexible load constraint mechanisms. Based on a price elasticity matrix, the model quantifies users’ multi-period response characteristics to electricity prices, forming an optimized microgrid dispatch model that accounts for demand-side response. Second, considering the hierarchical control framework, an interactive coupling model for microgrid clusters is proposed, and an optimal scheduling model is developed to enable mutual assistance among More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Fatin Nadhirah1, Surajudeen Sikiru1,2,*, Mohd Muzamir Mahat1,3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082624
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Renewable Energy and Storage: Harnessing Hydrocarbon Prediction and Polymetric Materials for Enhanced Efficiency and Sustainability)
Abstract Agricultural waste has received increased attention as a sustainable precursor for activated carbon manufacture because of its availability, inexpensive price, and ecological benefits. However, the search for the right biomass and optimization of the activation process remain one of the major challenges in the production of high-performance composites in energy storage applications. In this study, pyrolysis of durian and eggshells was performed for activated carbon production using sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) and orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) as activating agents, then combined both together with a ratio of 1:1 to produce a hybrid activated carbon to increase the performance… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jie Ma1, Xichao Du1, Chunxin Ma2, Yinzhen Wang2, Yalei Bai1, Youwen Zhang1, Xingxu Zhu2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081800
Abstract A large volume of distributed PV and energy storage resources can be integrated into different low-voltage distribution systems which enhances the local absorption of renewable generation. However, low-voltage segments and medium-voltage distribution infrastructure correspond to different stakeholders, whose operational optimization objectives are often mutually conflicting. This paper introduces a collaborative, distributed framework designed to optimize the operation of integrated medium- and low-voltage networks with significant penetrations of behind-the-meter photovoltaic generation and storage. The formulated problem incorporates standard power flow constraints. A unified multi-objective optimization model is formulated with four objectives: (i) minimizing the overall operational… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hanna Hrinchenko1,*, Nataliia Antonenko1, Halyna Kryshtal2, Alla Krysak3, Svitlana Bilous-Sergieieva4, Yana Medvedovska5
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.084705
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Circular Energy Systems and Sustainable Pathways for Decarbonization)
Abstract The transition towards long-term operation and increasing safety standards for nuclear power plant (NPP) units necessitates a fundamental shift from isolated technical monitoring to integrated, risk-oriented performance evaluation. The increasing complexity, safety requirements, and extended operation of nuclear power plant (NPP) units necessitate advanced approaches for assessing their functional performance. This study aims to develop a risk-oriented qualimetric (integrated multi-criteria quality assessment) methodology for comprehensive evaluation of NPP unit operation, integrating both quantitative and qualitative indicators while accounting for their interdependencies. This study develops a novel risk-oriented qualimetric methodology for the holistic assessment of NPP… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiaoyong Wang1, Shen Qu1,*, Ziqiang Zhao2, Fengchao Zhao1, Qixiang Cao1, Long Zhang1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.084990
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Advanced Nuclear Reactors)
Abstract The blanket system for a compact fusion demonstration reactor (DEMO) is subject to particularly stringent requirements in terms of physical performance, reliability, and engineering feasibility. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an innovative helium-cooled ceramic breeder (HCCB) blanket concept based on a concentric casing structure. The core unit of this design is a standardized concentric casing: the inner tube encapsulates the ceramic breeder (Li4SiO4), the annular gap serves as the helium coolant flow channel, and the outer region is packed with a neutron multiplier (Be). This architecture is intended to simplify manufacturing, reduce the number… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Fan Zhang, Lingxin Liao*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082305
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Toward Net-Zero Emission: Multidimensional Perspectives on Energy Transition)
Abstract Against the backdrop of the global climate governance paradigm shifting from “consensus building” to “action implementation”, how climate risk drives the green transformation of energy enterprises has become a critical research topic. Based on a sample of Chinese A-share listed energy enterprises from 2016 to 2024, this paper systematically examines the impact of climate risk on green transformation and the mediating role of R&D innovation. This study finds that climate risk accelerates the green transformation of energy enterprises, and this conclusion remains robust after replacing the measurement approaches of core variables. Second, mechanism tests indicate More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Mohammed Almajed1, Mahbub Hassan2, Turjoy Das Turjo3, Md Ashequl Islam4,*, Md Ehtesamul Haque1, M. M. Hafizur Rahman5
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.084024
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Sustainable Transport Technologies and Strategies: Impacts on Energy and Environment)
Abstract Accurate per-kilometer energy consumption prediction is essential for effective electric bus (EB) fleet management in urban transit networks. Existing studies report mean absolute percentage errors of 5%–8% and rarely cross-validate explainability attributions or quantify prediction uncertainty. This study presents a physics-informed, interpretable machine learning framework for EB energy consumption prediction under Bangkok-like tropical urban conditions. Due to the institutional inaccessibility of operational telemetry, a parametric dataset of 4000 trip-level scenarios was constructed across 29 input features anchored to published primary sources. Four algorithms were benchmarked under Bayesian hyperparameter optimization: Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Light Gradient… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xinyang Zhao1,*, Fei Xie1, Jiefeng Duan2, Dongran Song1, M. Talaat3,4,*, Mustafa Serdar Genc5
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077001
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Selected Papers from the 2025 World Energy Conference)
Abstract Up to now, there remain difficulties in modeling large-scale engineering equipment with complex nonlinear characteristics, especially for the large-scale wind turbines. Based on the powerful learning capability of neural networks, this study adopts an approximation method with fast response characteristics to fit the output results of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC). First, based on the dynamic characteristics of maximum wind energy extraction (MWEE) of wind turbines, a constrained NMPC rolling optimization prediction model is established, and a dataset of torque control laws with prediction horizons of 5, 6, and 7 steps respectively is generated. Second,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hongtao Li1, Liqiang Liang1, Jiageng Li1, Yunguang Ji1,*, Fuqiang Dong2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076827
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Energy and Energy Storage System)
Abstract The configuration of multiple heat sources within a latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit directly influences the uniformity of the temperature field and profoundly affects the melting process of the phase change material (PCM). To investigate the impacts of heating-element configurations on temperature field homogenization and melting rate of paraffin in an LHTES unit, this study introduces a dimensionless scaling factor η (defined as the ratio of the center-to-center distance between adjacent heating-element to the characteristic dimension of the container) and establishes a theoretical model for the optimal spacing of heating-element based on the Stefan… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yinan Li1,#, Zhenyu Song 2,#, Xing Xie1, Dan Lin1, Zhentao Wang1,*, Bin Li1,3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082784
Abstract Dissolving CaO into molten salts can overcome its structural collapse and thermal sintering issues during CO2 capture by constructing a homogeneous liquid reaction environment. Herein, a molten CaO/NaCl-CaCl2 system was developed, and the effects of operating parameters and KCl addition on its CO2 capture performance were systematically investigated. Compared with solid CaO, molten NaCl-CaCl2 significantly boosted the CO2 capture capacity of CaO. CaO was fully dissolved in molten NaCl-CaCl2 at 600°C–700°C and dissociated into Ca2+ and mobile alkaline O2−, forming a uniform liquid ionic environment for CO2 capture, where O2− anions served as active sites for CO2 conversion to CO32−. The… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Tommaso Ferrucci1,*, Francesco Roncallo2, Marta Lupattelli2, Nikola Matak3, Smail Zouggar4, Hassan Zahboune4, Carolina Pastor De Paz5, Adrian Alarcon Becerra6, Alexis Godefroy7
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081159
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Selected Papers from the SDEWES 2025 Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems)
Abstract Mini-grids are increasingly regarded as a key pathway for expanding reliable and low-carbon electricity access in developing countries, but the models used to plan them often differ substantially in scope, temporal resolution, spatial detail, and techno-economic representation. This paper reviews and compares five modelling tools developed within the EMERGE project: Hosting Capacity, Optimal Storage Placement, GREENADVISE, CEPIA, and PowSyBl-METRIX. A generalized techno-economic framework is introduced to provide a common basis for comparison, covering objective functions, decision variables, operational constraints, temporal and spatial resolution, solver structure, economic indicators, and the treatment of renewable variability and local… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhao Wu1, Ri Jin1, Haoyu Wang1, Mingming Zhang2, Zhenfei Chen2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078619
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI-Driven Monitoring and Control for Power Quality in Next-Generation Power Systems)
Abstract To address the challenge of diagnosing stator single-phase ground faults in large fractional-slot hydro-generators, this study proposes an Improved Dung Beetle Optimizer (IDBO)-based Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) method. Since VMD is highly sensitive to the selection of the number of modes K and the penalty factor α, improper parameter settings may result in incomplete signal decomposition and loss of fault-related features. To overcome this limitation, the conventional Dung Beetle Optimizer (DBO) is enhanced by incorporating a Logistic–Tent hybrid chaotic initialization, a dynamic convergence factor, and a random perturbation mechanism, enabling more accurate optimization of VMD parameters. More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Wentao Huang, Yifan Lv*, Xiaoyu Nie, Shunyi Wang, Penghui Yan, Hongwei Deng, Qinhua Chen
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082734
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovative Energy Engineering for Resilient and Green Systems)
Abstract To address multi-source uncertainty and the accumulation of deviations between day-ahead scheduling and intraday operation in wind–solar–cascade hydropower dispatch under high wind and photovoltaic penetration, this paper proposes a dynamically corrected multi-timescale coordinated scheduling strategy. The proposed strategy coordinates wind, solar, and hydropower resources through multi-scenario optimization in the day-ahead stage and rolling re-dispatch in the intraday stage. In the day-ahead stage, K-means clustering is used to generate representative scenario sets, optimize generation schedules, and allocate reserve capacity. In the intraday stage, the dynamic correction strategy adjusts the dispatch plan based on real-time data to… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jinyan Pan1,2, Jianhua Zhang1,2, Pengfei Cheng1,2,*, Xinyu Wang3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082419
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI for Next Generation Flexible, Reliable, Resilient and Sustainable Energy Systems)
Abstract To address the increasing security concerns associated with battery energy storage systems (BESS) in distribution networks, this paper proposes a hybrid detection model based on a Graph Attention Network–Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit–Graph Attention Memory Network Enhanced mechanism (GAT-BiGRU-GAMNE) for effectively identifying False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs). By leveraging the structural dependencies among grid nodes and the temporal evolution of BESS operations, the proposed spatio-temporal feature fusion framework integrates topological spatial feature extraction, bidirectional temporal dependency modeling, and memory-enhanced prototype matching. First, GAT layers are applied to capture dynamic interaction patterns from multi-node BESS operational data;… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yun Chen1, Wenjun Du1, Lisen Wang1, Rui Xu2, Cong Sun2,*, Hongkang Zhu2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082274
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Grid Integration and Electrical Engineering of Wind Energy Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Applications)
Abstract To achieve efficient and stable operation of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) grid-connected systems, the adaptability of oscillation suppression strategies across wide-frequency oscillation scenarios is particularly crucial. This adaptability can be scientifically characterized by robustness. This paper proposes a robustness evaluation system for oscillation suppression strategies based on the characteristics of electrical quantity response trajectories. First, wide-frequency oscillation scenarios covering multiple oscillation modes for DFIG-based wind power systems are established. Second, evaluation indicators are defined based on the characteristics of electrical quantity response trajectories, and an evaluation index system is constructed using the active power attenuation… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ying Zhou1,2, Changyong Zhu3, Huijun Yang1,2, Yunhuan Jing1, Fei Xie1, Xudong Song2,*, Yonghui Bai2, Guangsuo Yu2,4,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080004
Abstract Coal-based solid wastes, including coal gangue (CG), fly ash (FA), and coal gasification slag (CS), are generated in large quantities during coal utilization and are inherently enriched with various heavy metals. These toxic elements are susceptible to leaching under natural conditions, posing significant threats to surrounding soil and water ecosystems. This study systematically investigated the leaching behaviors and mobilization characteristics of heavy metals from these wastes across a pH gradient of 3 to 9. Through integrated leaching experiments, microstructural analyses, and speciation characterization, the regulatory effects of pH on metal release were quantitatively evaluated. The… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ziwei Zhong1, Lingkai Zhu1, Yuheng Zhang1, Zhiqiang Gong1, Wei Zheng1, Wenlong Fu2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081825
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Next-Generation Energy Forecasting)
Abstract As a key equipment of the power system, the operational stability of pumped storage units (PSUs) is crucial for the safety and efficiency of the power grid. Since vibration serves as a critical indicator of the operational state and structural health of PSUs, accurate vibration trend prediction plays an important role in ensuring the stable operation. To enhance the prediction accuracy of PSUs vibration trend, a novel prediction method is proposed in this paper based on combination of the improved bidirectional gated recurrent unit Kolmogorov-Arnold network (IBiGRU-KAN) and kernel extreme learning machine optimized by the… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Haotian Yang1, Lin Lu1,2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083071
Abstract Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) has attracted growing attention due to its promising applications in modern buildings. By serving as components of the building envelope, BIPV avoid competing with land use and facilitates net-zero energy buildings in the face of the current energy crisis. In addition to power generation, BIPV alters the energy-related properties of buildings. Appropriate daylighting and effective management of heat gains can reduce lighting, cooling, and heating loads, helping to balance energy production and consumption. This review examines the optical, thermal, and electrical behaviors of BIPV systems and their impacts on building energy efficiency. More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yan Ren Than, Sicong Xiao*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082487
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Advanced Nuclear Reactors)
Abstract This paper presents the development and capabilities of the Broad-scope Environment for Dual-phase advanced reactor Operation simulation Kit (BEDOK), an in-house nuclear reactor simulator code created in Singapore to enhance regional expertise in the complex field of numerical simulation techniques and its applications. Designed with an emphasis on both flexibility and precision, BEDOK currently supports steady-state problems in light water reactors (LWRs), with the intention of further development of simulation capabilities, which may cover advanced small modular reactors (SMRs) that are of interest in the local region. The code features a modular architecture, allowing easy… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Kefan Yang1, Keqi Yang2, Yixuan Zeng1, Yi Zhang1, Shengqing Zeng1, Dapeng Zhang1,3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.083511
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Electrode Materials for Ocean Clean Energy: Harvesting, Conversion, Storage and Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract This review systematically summarizes the progress of TENGs for marine energy, and distinguishes itself from existing TENG–ocean reviews by deeply elucidating the closed-loop synergistic mechanism of artificial intelligence and microfluidics. We quantitatively validate that AI-driven material screening increases charge density by 3–5 times, microfluidic regulation reduces biofouling-induced output attenuation to 25% of traditional structures, and the collaborative system improves energy conversion efficiency by over 23%. Unlike standalone reviews on TENGs, marine energy, AI materials, or microfluidics, this work is the first to integrate the three into a unified intelligent optimization framework, revealing bottlenecks including device More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Qing Zhi1, Jin Guan1, Ruopeng Zhang1, Lixia Wu1, Shuhui Zhang1, Xinyu Xue2, Caifeng Wen2,*, Yunlong Zhao2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082562
Abstract With the increasing integration of renewable energy sources, grid frequency stability has become a major concern, placing higher demands on the dynamic response capabilities of frequency regulation resources. Energy storage systems, with fast response and bidirectional regulation capabilities, demonstrate significant value in frequency control. To address insufficient regulation of the state of charge (SOC) in existing methods, this study proposes a novel frequency regulation control approach for grid-side standalone energy storage stations. The system integrates a supercapacitor with a lithium-ion battery, allocates power hierarchically through low-pass filtering, and implements a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Sana Handor1,*, Mohamed Manoua2, Mohamed Sahlaoui1, Laura Hrostea3, Mustapha Adar4, Mohammed Sajieddine1, Liviu Leontie3, Abdelati Razouk1,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082739
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances and Emerging Trends in Photovoltaic Technologies, Energy Storage, and Green Hydrogen)
Abstract In this study, thin films of titanium dioxide (TiO2) were deposited onto glass and indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates at room temperature, using plasma-assisted pulsed DC sputtering with a 99.9% pure stoichiometric TiO2 target. Our research aims to investigate the influence of film thickness on the optical, structural, and morphological properties of TiO2 nanostructured thin films, as well as its impact on the photovoltaic performance of heterojunctions where TiO2 serves as the emitter. Using advanced PRISA software, parameters such as refractive index, film thickness, and band gap energy were determined. Spectrophotometry analysis shows that TiO2 thin film samples More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Tiezhou Wu, Shiqi Luo*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082566
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Energy and Energy Storage System)
Abstract Cell equalization is an effective approach to mitigating inconsistency issues in lithium-ion battery packs, and accelerating equalization speed through advanced technologies is a major focus of current research. This paper proposes a dual-layer equalization topology for series-connected lithium-ion battery packs. The lower-layer adopts a bidirectional Cuk converter topology, where each equalization unit consists of two adjacent cells to enable energy transfer between neighboring cells. The upper-layer employs a flyback converter structure, in which a switch array is used to realize energy transfer between any individual cell unit and the entire battery pack. Furthermore, a cascaded… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xin Zhou1, Zun Ma1, Hongbo Zou2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081572
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrated Strategies for Renewable Energy Planning and System Monitoring)
Abstract To encourage the use of new energy (NE), tackle the challenges posed by measurement harmonics, and achieve precise perception and forecasting of the power system’s state following the integration of substantial renewable energy sources, this paper introduces a novel method for interval state situation awareness in power systems, incorporating the unpredictability of photovoltaic (PV) output forecasting and adaptive strategies for handling full-measurement harmonics. Firstly, by leveraging historical data from PV power plants within the same geographical area, this method constructs a spatiotemporal correlation model that factors in the uncertainty associated with PV output predictions. Subsequently,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Huijuan Huo1,*, Peidong Li1, Cheng Xin1, Xiping Ma2, Wenchao Zhai3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079148
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Cutting-Edge Renewable Energy: Revolutionizing Conversion and Storage)
Abstract Faced with challenges such as declining system inertia and increased oscillation risks due to the weakening of synchronous stability mechanisms in power systems with high penetration of renewable energy, the deep strategic value of grid-forming energy storage—a key technology capable of autonomously establishing grid voltage and frequency—proves difficult to fully quantify within traditional economically-oriented energy storage evaluation systems. To address this, this paper constructs a comprehensive value evaluation indicator system for grid-forming energy storage encompassing four dimensions: stability, economic efficiency, reliability, and synergy. It proposes a hybrid decision-making model integrating a combined weighting method Grey-DEMATEL-CRITIC-Game… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Siting Dai1, Wenyang Deng2,*, Dongliang Xiao2, Haiqing Cai3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080534
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Grid Integration of Intermittent Renewable Energy Resources: Technologies, Policies, and Operational Strategies)
Abstract With the increasing complexity of bilateral transactions in liberalized electricity markets, vertical collusion between generators and retailers can distort price signals and undermine market fairness, while remaining difficult to identify using single-stage or single-feature screening. This paper proposes a progressive bilateral matching framework for market power risk detection that links transaction-stage behavioral preference alignment with clearing-stage outcome concentration verification to form a closed-loop identification mechanism. Specifically, a two-stage model is developed by integrating (i) a Borda count-based preference ranking module to quantify multidimensional transaction behavior and produce an initial high-risk matching set, and (ii) an More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Runkai Song1, Siyu Zhong1, Guangzeng Sun2, Zesen Li3, Ming Zhou1, Zhaoyuan Wu1,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078600
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI and Advanced Computational Techniques for Sustainable Renewable Energy Systems)
Abstract High penetration of wind and photovoltaic (PV) generation amplifies net-load volatility, making capacity-margin-based reliability indices insufficient to characterize the trajectory-driven flexibility stress caused by fast net-load variations. This paper proposes a stochastic source–load trajectory generation method and a risk-consistent flexibility adequacy assessment framework for multi-scenario operating conditions. For renewables, historical wind and PV capacity factors are mapped into a Gaussian domain via a probit transform and modeled using a jointly fitted seasonal Fourier–AR(1) formulation, from which Monte Carlo sampling generates trajectories that preserve intra-day/seasonal patterns and short-term temporal dependence. For load, stochastic scenarios are constructed… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Tiezhou Wu, Feinian Wang*, Jiaao Deng, Zhiyu Yin
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080618
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Flexible and Intelligent Smart Grids: Integration of Distributed Energy Resources and Energy Storage, with Advanced Energy Management)
Abstract Microgrid dispatch is crucial for enhancing the technical reliability and environmental value of microgrids. Whereas traditional master-slave games coordinate grid revenue and user costs through dynamic pricing, they overlook the risk of exceeding carbon emission thresholds. To address this, this study proposes a master-slave game strategy integrating a conditional value-at-risk-based-carbon emission system with a carbon reduction subsidy mechanism, combined with an adaptive differential evolution algorithm employing threshold switching variability and crossover modes to jointly resolve the conflict between grid revenue and user costs. In this model, the upper layer acts as a leader to maximize… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiaowen Liang1, Xiaomin Sun1, Zilun Kuang1, Hongyao Wu1, Chunfang Liu2, Zhidan Wu2, Weixin Zhao2, Xiaojing Wang3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080116
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI for Next Generation Flexible, Reliable, Resilient and Sustainable Energy Systems)
Abstract For the economic dispatch problem of distributed microgrid clusters, traditional centralized methods heavily rely on continuous and reliable remote communication. However, in practical systems, communication links may face interruption risks due to natural disasters or human factors, leading to data loss and power imbalance. To enhance system robustness, this paper proposes an agent-based decentralized economic dispatch mechanism. This mechanism employs autonomous agents deployed in each sub-region to locally aggregate distributed energy resources and achieves collaborative optimization through peer-to-peer communication. A dual-layer consensus algorithm is adopted to coordinate power allocation, local agents use the method of… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Qi Wang, Yibo Huang*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079776
Abstract Manufacturing dispersion and non-uniform aging can lead to state-of-charge (SOC) imbalance in series-connected lithium-ion cells, resulting in reduced usable capacity and accelerated degradation. In this work, a hierarchical balancing scheme for lithium-ion battery packs is investigated. Cell-level balancing within battery modules is realized using an inductor-based topology, while energy transfer between modules is achieved through a dual-capacitor boost circuit. The balancing sequence and energy transfer direction are determined according to SOC comparison, with the SOC difference serving as the termination condition. The operating principles of the circuit and the corresponding control method are presented and More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiaowen Liang1, Xiaomin Sun1, Chunfang Liu2, Hongyao Wu1, Haonan Xie1, Fengming Zhang2, Linpo Zhong2, Xiaojing Wang3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079361
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI for Next Generation Flexible, Reliable, Resilient and Sustainable Energy Systems)
Abstract As the penetration of renewable energy in power systems continues to increase, traditional simulation and modeling methods encounter challenges, including low accuracy and high computational costs, when addressing multi-timescale dynamics and complex control. To overcome these challenges, a hybrid physics- and data-driven digital twin modeling approach for source-grid-load-storage systems is proposed. The method introduces a two-stage correction model for the digital twin: first, an initial mechanistic model is established based on factory data of the equipment; second, the control system structure and parameters are refined by comparing actual operational data. Additionally, an adaptive long short-term… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Qianpeng Hao*, Qiang Li, Changyuan Yu, Deqing Zhang, Wenze Li, Yaowen Liu, Chao Wang, Chengran Song, Xiyu Feng, Xingchao Guo
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.074324
Abstract Driven by the “Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality” strategic goals, high penetration of renewable energy poses severe challenges to power system flexibility. Unlocking the adjustable potential of demand-side industrial loads has become a critical pathway for constructing new-type power systems. To address the limitations of existing research, including single-dimensional characterisation of adjustable potential, insufficient consideration of both best and worst solutions in evaluation methods, and a lack of cluster coordination perspectives, this paper proposes a multi-dimensional adjustable potential assessment and priority ranking method for industrial loads. Firstly, based on the Affinity Propagation (AP) and k-means… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Geng Zhang, Fangzheng He, Jiayi Hu, Jiangjiang Wang*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081393
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Clean Energy and Low-Grade Energy Utilization: Material, Component, and System Innovation)
Abstract Hybrid systems face significant challenges in maintaining stable operation due to inherent uncertainties in renewable sources and demand loads. To address this, this study proposes a robust model predictive control framework for hybrid system with multi-energy storage (electrical/thermal/hydrogen storage). The system integrates photovoltaic, gas turbine, electrolyzer, and heat pump, leveraging multi-vector storage to buffer uncertainties through dynamic energy conversion and storage coordination. A hybrid forecasting model generates time-varying prediction intervals for source-load uncertainties, quantifying probabilistic bounds via kernel density estimation. The robust model employs these intervals to formulate a min-max optimization problem, proactively coordinating multi-energy… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Bo Ma1, Xujun Gao1, Wei Chen1, Yongzhi Lei1, Liao Zhang1, Ge Yao1, Anfan Shang1, Xuan Liu1, Yuanji Li2, Xiaohu Yang2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080848
Abstract Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) using phase change material (PCM) is an effective technique to buffer the fluctuating supply of renewable energy and improve its overall utilization. Aiming to further accelerate the phase change heat transfer rate and maximize renewable energy deployment, this work investigates the synergistic enhancement effect achieved by coupling non-uniformly distributed curved fins with Al2O3 nanoparticles in a horizontal shell-and-tube storage configuration. A two-dimensional numerical model was constructed to systematically evaluate the impacts of fin quantity and nanoparticle doping concentration on the transient solidification behavior. The results demonstrate that increasing the number… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jin Li1,*, Xiaowen Liang1, Chunfang Liu2, Hongyao Wu1, Zilun Kuang1, Kunquan Liang2, Bo Jiang2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080799
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Digital and Intelligent Planning and Operation Technologies for Flexible Distribution Network)
Abstract With the increasing need for resilience enhancement in modern power systems under extreme natural disasters, this paper proposes an integrated framework for risk assessment and pre-disaster defense resource allocation in intelligent substations. The framework first performs preliminary abnormality screening and probability elicitation, then fuses interval evidence through Dempster–Shafer (D–S) theory, subsequently propagates the resulting probabilistic information through a knowledge-driven Bayesian network (BN), and finally incorporates the inferred tripping risk of the intelligent electronic device for circuit breaker control (CB IED) into a probabilistic two-stage robust optimization (PTSRO) model for pre-disaster defense resource allocation. Within this… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiaole Luo1,*, Haitao Lan2, Yang Song1, Yunliang Zhao3, Yingnan Bai3, Yinan Yang4, Haichao Peng5, Xiaojing Wang6,7
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079356
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Energy Modelling for Sustainable, Intelligent and Resilient Power and Energy Systems)
Abstract Rural distribution networks are experiencing increasing integration of distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation, yet the inherent intermittency of PV output and the pronounced peak-valley disparities of agricultural loads pose significant challenges to grid economy and security. To address photovoltaic (PV) fluctuations and agricultural load peak-valley disparities in rural distribution networks, this paper proposes a distributionally robust cooperative planning method integrating load elasticity. Firstly, a refined agricultural load model is established: irrigation loads couple pump head-flow characteristics with load shifting mechanisms; greenhouse loads incorporate curtailable heating and temperature-light constraints; production loads combine time-shiftable machinery charging with rigid More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yi Sui*, Zhibin Song, Zhuopeng Shi, Yiliang Hao, Yawei Zhao
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079162
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Next-Generation Distribution System Planning, Operation, and Control)
Abstract As the core hub of energy production and consumption, the scientificity of power grid investment allocation directly affects renewable energy integration and power supply reliability. However, regional development stages exhibit significant uncertainty due to factors such as policy orientation and economic-technological progress. Existing power grid investment decision-making methods mostly ignore regional development differences, making it difficult to balance regional development equity and investment efficiency. To address this, this paper proposes a two-stage robust optimization model for power grid investment considering the uncertainty of regional development stages. Firstly, a comprehensive evaluation index system covering operational, technical,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Kai Li1, Yongheng Zhang2,*, Kai Sun1, Mingkuan Rong3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078939
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances and Emerging Trends in Photovoltaic Technologies, Energy Storage, and Green Hydrogen)
Abstract This study designs a supercritical CO2 heat pump anti-condensation system for a 50 MW tower solar thermal power plant in northwest China to prevent molten salt solidification in pipelines and storage tanks. A thermodynamic model is established to analyze the effects of key parameters (heat release power, maximum/minimum cycle pressure, heat source temperature, and isentropic efficiency) on the coefficient of performance (COP), with the simulation model validated against literature experimental data. Heat dissipation loss of the low-temperature molten salt tank is calculated to determine system capacity, and an economic comparison is conducted among the proposed heat More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Rundong Tian*, Yuhan Feng, Yuchi Zhang, Weiwei Yang, Cheng Liu, Fengxiang Pei
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082632
Abstract This paper proposes a method for constructing sub-synchronous modal energy based on an equivalent energy model, which is used for the source localization analysis of sub-synchronous oscillations (SSO) in systems incorporating grid-connected energy storage. First, a sub-synchronous oscillation model for virtual synchronous generator (VSG)-based energy storage in grid-connected energy storage systems is established using the equivalent energy model. Based on sub-synchronous modal energy, energy functions for each component of the VSG-based energy storage system are derived. Building on this, a sub-synchronous oscillation disturbance localization method based on energy function modes is proposed. By monitoring the More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jinchuan Wang, Mingzhe Li, Xiaohong Hao*, Tianchi Wang
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081875
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI and Advanced Computational Techniques for Sustainable Renewable Energy Systems)
Abstract The strong stochasticity and spatiotemporal coupling of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power generation necessitate joint forecasting to improve the scheduling accuracy of modern power systems. However, existing approaches fail to accurately quantify the shared information between wind and PV outputs, limiting prediction performance. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a mutual information–driven dual-path adaptive collaborative forecasting framework. First, sliding-window mutual information is used to assess the local correlation between wind and PV time series, enabling partitioning of historical data into high- and low-correlation subsets. For the high-correlation subset, a multi-task bidirectional long short-term memory… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Weichang Hang1, Yu Jiang1, Yizhou Zhou2,*, Youlin Xuan2, Haiquan Huang1, Jiawei Chang1, Ping Chen1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081648
Abstract The transition toward low-carbon energy systems requires scheduling strategies that coordinate power dispatch with explicit carbon accountability in integrated parks. To address the limited coupling among carbon tracing, differentiated demand response, and uncertainty-aware scheduling in existing studies, this paper proposes an electricity-carbon coordinated scheduling method for low-carbon parks based on carbon emission flow (CEF) and double-layer distributionally robust optimization (DRO). First, a park-oriented CEF model is established to quantify nodal carbon potential and to trace carbon responsibility from generation to load, including the carbon transfer effect of energy storage. Second, a priority-aware demand response mechanism… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Feiyang Li1, Jianfeng Pan1,*, Yuejin Zhu1, Zhongjia Li1, Yi Zhang1, Muhammad Nauman1, Wenming Yang2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078049
Abstract Flame-wall interaction (FWI) is a common phenomenon in enclosed combustion systems. Under the influence of the wall, flames may undergo quenching or exhibit reduced reaction intensity, leading to an increase in unburned fuel in the near-wall region. This study establishes a 3D numerical model using CFD software to simulate the combustion process of methane/hydrogen/air premixed jet flames under inclined wall conditions, with validation against experimental data. Simulations of the quenching process under inclined walls were performed, revealing the effects of variations in tilt angle (
Open Access
ARTICLE
Bo Jing1,2, Yuejun Zhu1,2, Bo Huang1,2, Engao Tang1,2, Mingda Dong3,*, Anfeng Xiao3, Ziming Wang3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077925
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery in Unconventional Reservoirs)
Abstract CO2 miscible flooding is a crucial technology for enhancing oil recovery in ultra-low permeability reservoirs. However, the relatively high minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) has restricted the application of this technology. To reduce the MMP of the CO2/crude oil system, gas-soluble surfactants have been widely adopted in CO2 miscible flooding technology. In this paper, gas-soluble surfactants were taken as the research object. Firstly, a cloud point pressure test system with high-pressure visual autoclave and an illuminance sensor as the core equipment was established. The cloud point pressure method was used to determine the solubility of three surfactants, namely… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hongbo Liu, Ziye Zhang*, Qiting Zhang
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075689
Abstract Conventional virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control faces multiple multi-objective conflicts, including the coupling between droop control and the damping loop, the inherent trade-off between dynamic response speed and overshoot suppression, and the deterioration of active power dynamic performance under power-reference and frequency disturbances. To address these issues, this paper proposes an angular-frequency self-compensation (AFSC)-based VSG control strategy. The main novelty of the proposed approach lies in reconstructing the VSG control structure by introducing an angular-frequency self-feedforward loop to replace the conventional damping loop. This design provides effective damping without affecting the steady-state active power output,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Bai Xiao1, Yusong Wang1,*, Chenxi Du2, Jingjun Bu1, Yansen Sun1, Zheng Wei3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.082596
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances and Emerging Trends in Photovoltaic Technologies, Energy Storage, and Green Hydrogen)
Abstract To fulfill the national dual-carbon objectives, numerous sectors have rolled out comprehensive strategies to accelerate deep decarbonization efforts. One particularly promising approach involves expanding the manufacturing of green hydrogen alongside its derived chemical commodities, thereby enhancing the grid integration capacity of renewable wind and solar resources—a novel model that fosters cross-sector collaboration between the energy and chemical industries. Nonetheless, a fundamental tension persists: the inherent intermittency and unpredictability of wind and solar power generation stand in stark contrast to the operational stability and cost-effectiveness demanded by chemical manufacturing processes. To tackle this challenge, this study… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Wenming Zhang1, Li Zhang1,*, Feng Zheng2, Jianjian Zhao2, Shuqian Zhang2, Pengxu Song2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081252
Abstract Due to harsh operating conditions, the neutral-point-clamped three-level excitation converters (NPC-TLCs) for offshore doubly-fed induction generators are highly susceptible to open-circuit faults in power devices. Such faults cause the loss of voltage vectors, leading to elevated output harmonics and neutral-point voltage (NPV) imbalance, which ultimately precipitate system instability. To address these critical issues, a fault-tolerant virtual space vector pulse width modulation (FTVSVPWM) strategy is proposed to ensure that the excitation converter maintains both NPV balance and rated power operation under fault conditions. First, by thoroughly analyzing the vector distribution characteristics of the NPC-TLC topology equipped… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Boqiang Wei*, Yiwei Feng
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080617
Abstract This paper presents an advanced control strategy, termed enhanced adaptive super-twisting current-constrained algorithm (CCEASTA), to address overcurrent protection challenges and reject disturbances in non-cascade permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) drives. The proposed strategy consists of two fundamental components. Firstly, a gain-adaptive super-twisting sliding mode controller with current constraints is designed in a non-cascade framework. The purpose of this structure is to suppress chattering, accelerate dynamic response, and ensure overcurrent protection. Secondly, a generalized proportional-integral observer (GPIO) is incorporated to estimate unknown state variables and external disturbances in real time. The estimates thus obtained facilitate feed-forward More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiuyu Yang1,*, Xiangcheng Zhu1, Hao Zhang2, Ying Wang1,3, Chang Liu2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080485
Abstract Under China’s dual carbon goals (i.e., carbon peak and carbon neutrality), the country has promoted the development of direct green power trading, positioning off-grid microgrids as a critical carrier for local green power consumption. The off-grid microgrid is not supported by a large power grid, and flexible resources such as electric energy storage (EES) and gas turbine (GT) need to be configured to cope with the problems caused by the volatility and intermittency of renewable energy output. However, the high configuration cost of EES and the high carbon of GT make it difficult for off-grid… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Quanquan Yu1,*, Zhenhua Li1,2, Zhenxing Li1,2, Yanchun Xu1, Xiaozhen Zhao3, Lin Wu4
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079852
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Next-Generation Energy Forecasting)
Abstract Electric vehicle (EV) charging piles serve as the critical link between operators and EV users, and their metering verification results are essential for safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of both parties. With the ever-increasing number of charging piles, traditional on-site verification methods are becoming prohibitively costly and inefficient, making comprehensive coverage impractical. To address this issue, this paper proposes a constrained optimization-based method for estimating the metering operation error of DC charging piles. First, leveraging the topological structure of DC charging stations and the law of energy conservation, an analytical model linking station-level and… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiaozhuo Wang1, Zhaohong He2,*, Jun Li2, Ruibing Li1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080515
Abstract Floating offshore platforms facilitate the integration of multiple forms of renewable energy generation and exhibit notable advantages in harnessing offshore wind and solar resources, positioning them as a strategically viable and sustainable solution for meeting the energy needs of island communities. A multi-energy complementary power generation system based on floating offshore platforms is proposed for a specific island off-grid, designed to simultaneously meet the electricity and freshwater supply requirements of the island. HOMER software was employed to design a multi-energy complementary power generation system for floating offshore platforms. Given the island’s electricity and water consumption… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Chao Luo1, Ziteng Guo2,*, Guanming Zeng1, Yihua Zhu1, Chen Zhang2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081600
Abstract Effective reduced-order models (ROMs) are in urgent demand for analyzing the dynamic features of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), such as ROMs for control and grid-integration analysis of FOWTs-based wind parks. However, due to the complexity of the coupled dynamics of FOWTs, the identification and the choice of dominant features are crucial for ROMs. To achieve rational guidelines for developing such ROMs, this paper proposes the quantitative and data-driven approaches to extract the dominant degrees of freedom (DOFs) of FOWTs. First, the load characteristics of FOWT and the spatiotemporal features of DOFs under external excitations… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Changkuan Zhang1, Junlong Tang1,*, Qin Yan2, Zijian Ye2, Yeke Zhang3, Xinying Deng3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078252
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Clean Energy Technologies for a Sustainable Future)
Abstract With the rapid growth in the number of new energy vehicles such as battery electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, the contradiction between surging charging/refueling demand and the limited scheduling capability and low operational efficiency of charging stations is becoming increasingly prominent. To address this issue, this paper proposes a distributionally robust coordinated scheduling method for generalised energy storage (GES)–integrated energy systems (IES) based on electricity–hydrogen dynamic pricing. First, a GES structure incorporating integrated charging stations and integrated demand response is constructed, and the energy interaction and coordination mechanisms between this structure and the More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hui Cai1, Wentao Sun1, Xingning Han1, Keheng Lou2, Guoteng Wang2, Wanchun Qi1, Ying Huang2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081805
Abstract Aiming at the challenge of large-scale centralized integration of high-proportion renewable energy, and addressing current bottlenecks in ultra-high voltage (UHV) AC power grids—such as low utilization rates of transmission corridors and poor active power flow controllability—this paper proposes various upgrading and transformation schemes for UHV AC ring networks. These schemes aim to simultaneously enhance the renewable energy accommodation and operational regulation capabilities of the AC grid. First, targeting typical UHV double-circuit transmission corridors, three topological schemes are designed: direct AC integration of renewable energy, single-circuit voltage source converter-based high voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) transformation, and… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jinjiang Cui, Feifei Wu, Jing Kang*, Bing Lian
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080280
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Advanced Nuclear Reactors)
Abstract The representativeness of sampling is crucial for the radiation impact assessment of airborne effluents from nuclear facilities. Irregularly-shaped chimneys (e.g., fan-shaped ones) are increasingly used in nuclear industries, posing challenges to industrial emission monitoring and the analysis of sampling representativeness. Their structures result in a complex internal flow field and uneven pollutant distribution. Current international standards do not clearly specify the sampling methods for such chimneys. This study conducts CFD simulations and analysis of sampling representativeness for a typical fan-shaped chimney. The simulation results show upward spiral eddies in the chimney, leading to significant spatial… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yiliang Chen1, Qianhu Wei1, Kui Xu1, Zhichang Liu1, Zewei Lin1, Zhaohui Xu1, Xi Zheng1, Jun Jia2,*, Ke He2, Weidong Zhong2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080074
Abstract The secure operation of distribution networks is essential for modern urban systems. However, during extreme rainfall events, multiple hazards, including waterlogging, flooding, seawater backflow, and geological instability, may occur simultaneously. The strong coupling among these factors can generate cascading disaster chains that significantly threaten distribution network reliability. To address this challenge, this study develops a practical framework for risk assessment and dispatch support that explicitly accounts for disaster-chain impacts on distribution networks. Multiple environmental and infrastructure-related indicators are incorporated to characterize regional risk conditions. Entropy-based weighting is employed to ensure that each indicator accurately reflects More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Kui Hu, Peng Zhang*, Xiang Xiao, Yuan Xu, Yunhuang Zhang, Yuan Yuan, Zhiyuan Feng
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078340
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Advanced Nuclear Reactors)
Abstract The rapid development of gas-cooled microreactors (GMRs) for remote and modular power supply necessitates highly efficient and autonomous core power monitoring systems. Traditional monitoring systems, such as those deployed in commercial power plants, rely on dense in-core instrumentation, whereas due to the limitation of space and simplicity in hardware designs, only sparse ex-core detectors are employed in microreactor designs. To address this challenge, this study proposes an advanced online power reconstruction approach based on the higher-order harmonic expansion. A dedicated higher-order harmonic calculation module was developed within a multi-group diffusion framework, capable of executing rapid… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xinniu Xu1, Jinde Li2, Hong Huang1, Guangfu Cao1, Yuhe Shi2, Biao Ruan1, Daojin Ge1, Hu Yang2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077889
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Geomechanical Issures in the Development of Reservoirs and New Energy)
Abstract Accurate detection of formation pore pressure is a critical technology for ensuring the safety of oil and gas drilling and reservoir evaluation. Due to the heterogeneity of geological structures and the nonlinearity of stress-strain relationships, traditional empirical formulas and numerical simulation methods often fail to meet the precision requirements when detecting formation pore pressure, constrained by the limited amount of logging data. The physically-constrained convolutional neural network-Transformer (Phys-CNN-Transformer) hybrid architecture proposed in this paper enhances the accuracy and generalization capability of formation pore pressure detection. The convolutional operations in CNN learn the mapping relationships of… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Sijin Zhu1,2, Jian Guan1,2, Songyan Li1,2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.081442
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Unconventional Energy Resources as Sources of Critical Minerals: Coal, Oil, Gas, and Produced Waters)
Abstract Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) is a critical decarbonization technology, and CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) effectively combines CO2 geological storage with crude oil production, especially for high-difficulty heavy oil reservoirs. To overcome viscous fingering and early gas channeling in conventional CO2 huff-n-puff, this study focused on chemical additive-assisted CO2 huff-n-puff for cold heavy oil production in the Gudong reservoir. Through screening and optimization, 0.5% HY-2 foaming agent and 0.5% SR-1 viscosity reducer were identified as optimal, showing stable performance and strong synergy with CO2. High-temperature high-pressure experiments indicated the suitable CO2 injection volume is 0.15–0.2 PV, the optimal… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hu Yang1,*, Qiao Liu1, Jinde Li1, Junqing Wu2, Yuhe Shi1, Qianbin Wen3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079024
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery in Unconventional Reservoirs)
Abstract To quantitatively evaluate the changes in reservoir permeability induced by variations in temperature and pore pressure during the oil and gas exploitation process, this study proposes a novel quantitative evaluation model. This model innovatively integrates thermoelastic and poroelastic effects to predict the evolution of permeability in tight reservoirs. The study assumes that rocks undergo only elastic deformation, and the stress–strain relationships governing pore volume and pore size were derived based on the theory of elasticity for porous media. A capillary flow model was employed to simulate the fluid flow process, and in combination with the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Bo Jing1,2, Yuejun Zhu1,2, Wensen Zhao1,2, Bo Huang1,2, Engao Tang1,2, Anfeng Xiao3,*, Mingda Dong3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079022
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Progress and Prospects of Hydraulic Fracture Network Morphology Characterization, Flow Simulation and Optimization Technology for Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
Abstract To investigate the applicability of different gas-soluble surfactants in CO2 miscible flooding for tight oil reservoirs and clarify the underlying mechanism of their enhanced oil displacement, this study first employed the cloud point pressure method to determine the solubility of surfactants in supercritical CO2 under reservoir temperature, thereby identifying the pressure threshold for their stable dispersion. Subsequently, a falling-ball viscometer and an interfacial tension meter were utilized to analyze the viscosity reduction effect of surfactants on crude oil and the regulation law of CO2-crude oil interfacial tension under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions. Next, slim-tube displacement experiments were… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiao Sun1,*, Chunrong Cai1, Zhibin Luo1, Chunwen Zhang1, Guangtao Zhu1, Aiguo Pei2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080259
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Hydrogen Energy Systems: Storage, Power-to-Hydrogen, and AI-Enabled Design, Planning, and Operation)
Abstract This study presents the engineering design and optimization of a compact 3 t/day hydrogen liquefaction system, specifically targeting reduced specific energy consumption (SEC) and ensuring the para-hydrogen mole fraction in the liquefied hydrogen product meets the industrial standard of ≥95%. The primary thermodynamic contribution of this work is the systematic design of a three-stage ortho-para hydrogen conversion system, which is meticulously guided by the enthalpy release profile of the ortho-para conversion reaction. This design strategically employs one isothermal and two adiabatic converters to achieve a final para-hydrogen mole fraction of 99% in the liquid hydrogen… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Liang Yan1,#,*, Yuhui Zhou1,2,#,*, Xinhui Liu3, Penghua Luo1, Shaoyang Geng1, Kaiwen Dong4
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078993
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Progress and Prospects of Hydraulic Fracture Network Morphology Characterization, Flow Simulation and Optimization Technology for Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
Abstract Fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs are characterised by extreme heterogeneity induced by multi-scale pore-cave-fracture systems, which poses substantial challenges to accurate formation energy assessment—a prerequisite for optimising reservoir development strategies. Traditional methods (e.g., material balance, well-test analysis) are constrained by oversimplified pore space characterisation, failing to quantify the nonlinear impacts of multi-scale media on energy transfer and depletion. To address this critical research gap, this work develops an innovative formation energy evaluation framework that couples the Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (KAN) deep learning architecture with the Whale Optimisation Algorithm (WOA) for adaptive hyperparameter tuning. The proposed model was trained… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Haiyun An1, Tianhui Zhao1, Jingbo Zhao1, Zhe Chen1, Hailong Zhang2, Yunting Yao2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079900
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Grid Integration of Intermittent Renewable Energy Resources: Technologies, Policies, and Operational Strategies)
Abstract To address the limitations of existing energy storage technology evaluations—specifically the lack of horizontal comparisons under unified scenarios and inadequate research on adaptability under extreme conditions. This paper constructs a comprehensive utility evaluation system for new energy storage based on Grey Fuzzy Theory. This system comprises four core criterion layers, namely technical performance, economy, reliability and environmental impact, and scenario adaptability, along with 11 quantitative indicators. To enhance the objectivity of the evaluation, a combined weighting method integrating Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) and the Entropy Weight Method (EWM) is adopted to determine the indicator weights.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xingxu Zhu*, Liyulong Chen, Junhui Li, Cuiping Li
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079678
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Next-Generation Distribution System Planning, Operation, and Control)
Abstract To address the challenges of voltage violations and limited photovoltaic (PV) accommodation caused by large-scale PV integration into distribution networks, and in line with the development trend toward hierarchical and distributed control in modern active distribution networks (ADNs), this paper proposes a fast time-varying optimization algorithm based on voltage feedforward prediction. This algorithm is positioned within the edge-level control layer, acting as a rapid, underlying supplement to upper-level global dispatch. By incorporating the power and voltage constraints of the distribution network alongside the regulation of flexible resources such as PV and energy storage systems (ESS),… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Guowei Feng, Cong Qi*, Jinyang Luo, Lichen Zhu
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079423
Abstract The relentless increase in power density and integration of electronic devices is pushing conventional thermal dissipation technologies beyond their limits. Bionic microchannels, leveraging their unique structural advantages, have emerged as a critical research direction to overcome this bottleneck. This paper systematically reviewed the research progress of bionic microchannels in the thermal management of electronic components, elucidating the intrinsic logic and synergistic relationships among structural mechanisms, optimization methods, and engineering applications. From a mechanistic perspective, bionic structures are categorized into two types: heat transfer enhancement structures (such as variable cross-sections, turbulators, fractal networks) and flow drag… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiaolong Xiao1,*, Linghao Zhang2, Ziran Guo1, Xiaoxing Lu1, Wenqiang Xie1, Shukang Lv1, Peishuai Li3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076751
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI and Advanced Computational Techniques for Sustainable Renewable Energy Systems)
Abstract The highly increasing integration of distributed photovoltaics (PVs) has brought significant challenges for distribution network voltage control, which struggles with fast and stochastic fluctuations. This paper proposes a data-driven voltage control method utilizing an improved deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) to minimize power losses while maintaining voltage within a safe operating range. The data-driven voltage control framework is established first, with the controlling center formulated as the agent. Based on the distribution network system and the voltage control original model, the data-driven voltage control model is formulated via the Markov decision process (MDP). A voltage More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ji Wang1,2, Yuanweiji Hu3, Bo Yang3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080317
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence in Energy Systems: Challenges, Opportunities, and Emerging Applications)
Abstract With the rapid proliferation of electric vehicles (EV), charging demand has surged substantially, prompting widespread deployment of EV charging stations (EVCS) within distribution networks. However, uncoordinated EV charging behavior poses significant challenges to grid stability, operational safety, and economic efficiency. To mitigate these adverse impacts, this paper proposes a multi-objective optimal planning model for integrated EVCS–battery energy storage system (BESS) infrastructure. The model explicitly integrates empirically derived EV user charging behavior patterns and jointly optimizes three interdependent objectives: minimizing the total life-cycle cost of the integrated EVCS–BESS system subject to distribution network loading limits; reducing More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xi Wang1, Qianqiu Ren2,*, Bo Wen1, Lan Ren2,3, Zhen Wang1, Ran Lin2,3, Bin Liu1, Zhihao Yu2, Yading Li1, Xiaoqiang Wang1, Yongzhi Huang4
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079687
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery in Unconventional Reservoirs)
Abstract Fracturing risks such as casing deformation and frac hits occur frequently during the fracturing process of deep shale gas horizontal wells. These risks cause significant differences between the expected stimulation performance and the actual production. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the production enhancement potential of deep shale gas horizontal wells considering fracturing risk effects. A fracturing risk prediction model was developed using a back propagation neural network optimized by particle swarm optimization (BP-PSO). A hydraulic fracture propagation model was established based on rock mechanics and fracture mechanics. A post-fracturing productivity evaluation model was built More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Liming Sun, Tao Yu*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080412
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence in Energy Systems: Challenges, Opportunities, and Emerging Applications)
Abstract The large-scale deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) and charging infrastructure drives transportation electrification and energy structure transformation, but the spatiotemporal randomness and high power demand of EV charging loads challenges the safe and efficient operation of distribution networks. Grid hosting capacity (HC), the maximum additional charging load acceptable for the grid while ensuring reliable, high-quality power supply, is a critical constraint for the coordinated development of EVs, charging stations and the grid. This paper presents a systematic critical review of collaborative operation rules for the vehicle-charging station-grid (VCSG) system with grid HC as the core… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Longbo Luo1, Hongming Cai1, Zili Chen2, Meng Ye1, Min Liu2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079667
Abstract Driven by the national “dual carbon” strategy, the large-scale integration of distributed renewable energy and direct current loads has introduced significant challenges to traditional alternating current distribution networks, including reduced operational efficiency, decreased voltage stability, and increased complexity in grid integration. To address these issues, research investigates the optimal dispatch of alternating current/direct current (AC/DC) hybrid distribution networks under high renewable energy penetration and proposes a coordinated active and reactive power scheduling method. A multi-objective optimization model is formulated to minimize total network losses and total voltage deviations across a 24-h scheduling horizon. The model… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Man Fan1, Shize Li1, Yingshan Liu1,2, Zhengping Shi1, Xiangfei Kong1,*, Wandong Zheng3,*, Han Li1, Jianjuan Yuan1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078647
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Smart Thermal Management: Emerging Energy Technologies for Built and Industrial Systems)
Abstract Highway service buildings, as critical transportation hubs, required efficient heating solutions to accommodate fluctuating occupant densities. Conventional thermal control systems struggled to accommodate dynamic occupant flux, often resulting in mismatches between thermal demand and supply. While existing research predominantly focused on static temperature regulation, this study bridged a critical gap by investigating the coupling effects of dynamic thermal comfort and energy efficiency. Firstly, field measurements and occupant surveys reveald substantial variations in thermal environment parameters across different functional zones within service buildings. Analysis of Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) and Thermal Comfort Vote (TCV) distributions, augmented… More >
Graphic Abstract
Open Access
ARTICLE
Tao Tong1,*, Peng Wang1, Xiaolin Zhao2, Zhigang Zhao2, Ke Wang2, Chen Cao3, Xincai Ming4
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078218
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Analytics on Energy Systems)
Abstract The power transformer serves as a critical hub equipment in the electric power industry, performing the core functions of voltage transformation and power transmission in power grids. Among various potential hazards, through-fault short-circuit impacts are particularly destructive, capable of inducing severe deformation of the transformer windings and even triggering internal faults, thereby posing a major threat to grid stability. Consequently, accurate diagnosis of transformer damage after short-circuit impacts and scientific formulation of targeted overhaul strategies are of vital practical significance for ensuring safe and reliable power supply. In this paper, a comprehensive diagnostic analysis method… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jian Wang1, Xiaye Wang1,*, Jieyan Wang2, Gongqiang Yang1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078180
Abstract With the large-scale integration of wind turbines into power systems, the voltage at the grid connection point exhibits continuous oscillation characteristics, which significantly increases the ride-through difficulty and off-grid risk of wind turbines during faults. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a low-high voltage ride-through (L-HVRT) control strategy based on rotor energy storage. This strategy reduces the load on the unloading resistor by decreasing the active power output from the machine-side converter (MSC). To prevent overspeed disconnection during this process, an active power reference value for the MSC output is preset to proactively More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Shuo Tian1,2, Zetao Ma2,*, Jie Shu1,2, Kang Bie2, Changhong Wu1,2, Caijun Jiang3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078142
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Hydrogen Energy Systems: Storage, Power-to-Hydrogen, and AI-Enabled Design, Planning, and Operation)
Abstract Hydrogen production by water electrolysis, especially alkaline water electrolysis, has become a promising way to storage surplus energy for off-grid microgrids with high penetration of solar energy. To tackle the deterioration of system stability resulted from solar power fluctuation, this paper proposes a coordinated strategy for an off-grid DC microgrid coupling photovoltaic (PV) and alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE). First, a detailed model, considering power constraint related to the AWE temperature in particular, is developed for the PV/AWE/battery microgrid. Secondly, a distributed coordinated strategy, consisting of an adaptive droop control for an AWE and an analogous… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Meng Li, Mohan Yang*, Yang Gao, Xiaokai Su, Hanwen Liang, Song Zhang
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078284
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrated Renewable Energy Systems for Heating, Cooling, Power Generation and Energy Management)
Abstract In order to maximise the potential flexibility of winter electric heating loads, this study proposes a master-slave game-theoretic optimisation scheduling strategy for virtual power plants incorporating a photovoltaic and thermal storage electric heating cluster. This strategy is formulated as a leader-follower game with dynamic clustering. First, a dynamic clustering approach based on the K-means algorithm is employed to analyse the load characteristics of differentiated users, taking into account dynamic factors such as the charging/discharging power of thermal storage devices and variations in indoor temperature. Next, a leader-follower game optimisation model is established in which the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xin Guan*, Dechen Kong, Bo Liu, Hao Tang, Longlong Zong
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076901
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Grid Integration and Electrical Engineering of Wind Energy Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Applications)
Abstract Unlike flat terrain, when air flows through mountainous terrain, it is affected by undulating terrain and ground obstacles, forming complex wind field basins. This leads to the actual power generated by wind turbines being lower than the predicted power. Due to the complexity and uncertainty of the terrain and environment of wind farms, there is a significant difference between the measured power of wind farms and the actual output power of wind turbines. Therefore, studying the influence of complex terrain on wind speed in wind farms is of great significance for the site selection and… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiangdong Meng1, Fengxiang Pei2,*, Dexin Li1, Haifeng Zhang1, Shuyu Zhou1, Yuhui Chen2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078161
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Next-Generation Distribution System Planning, Operation, and Control)
Abstract To address power imbalance in medium- and low-voltage distribution networks with high penetration of distributed generation (DG) following upstream-grid disconnection and transition to active islanded operation, this paper proposes a refined load shedding strategy based on comprehensive load weights. A comprehensive load evaluation framework is developed to quantify nodal load value by integrating user-side subjective preferences with system-side objective operating information. Subjective and objective weights are derived using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the CRITIC method, respectively, and are then fused to obtain comprehensive load weights and priority rankings. Based on these rankings, a… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhi Xu1, Min Ren1, Zhiwei Yuan2, He Jiang1, Risheng Qin1, Xinze Xi1, Yinfeng Ma3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079755
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Next-Generation Distribution System Planning, Operation, and Control)
Abstract The integration of high-penetration renewable energy and multi-energy loads introduces significant volatility and complexity into the operation of Rural Integrated Energy Systems (RIES). To address the challenges of ensuring economic efficiency and operational resilience, this paper proposes a novel multi-time-scale optimization framework grounded in a whole-process dynamic simulation. Initially, a dynamic simulation model is developed to accurately capture system behavior under typical rural disturbance scenarios. This model underpins a two-stage scheduling strategy: a day-ahead steady-state plan aimed at global economic optimization, followed by an intra-day rolling optimization that leverages real-time data to correct forecast deviations.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhanbin Zhao1, Li Wan2, Yixuan Zheng1, Tao Zhang1,3,*, Zhengrong Shi1,3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078598
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Solar Cogeneration Systems for Buildings)
Abstract Cooling channels in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) bipolar plates are commonly arranged in parallel and connected by inlet and outlet manifolds. Under high heat flux, uneven flow distribution among parallel channels can lead to non-uniform temperatures and local hot spots, weakening thermal management reliability. To address this problem, this study develops a vapor–liquid two-phase computational fluid dynamics model to investigate flow-boiling cooling in a silicon-based bipolar plate. The Mixture multiphase model is combined with a user-defined phase-change source term to simulate water boiling in parallel channels. The thermal performance is evaluated using the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hechong Chen1, Fan Yang1, Shuxian Fan2,*, Lei Xia3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079083
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Operation and Control of Grid-connected New Energy and Emerging Loads)
Abstract To address the issue that traditional pilot current differential protection, due to fixed restraint coefficients, struggles to balance sensitivity to high-resistance internal faults and selectivity for external faults after inverter-interfaced distributed generators are connected in a T-configuration to active distribution networks, an adaptive protection method based on the fusion of dual features is proposed. This method first constructs normalized differential current amplitude and the contribution degree of T-connected power sources to short-circuit current as a combined criterion. Subsequently, based on the contribution degree partition, a Gaussian kernel function is adopted to achieve smooth adaptive adjustment More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Qi Wang1,2,3, Tao Zhu1,*, Yibo Huang1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078633
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Energy and Energy Storage System)
Abstract Accurate SOP estimation is essential for energy management and safety control of lithium-ion batteries in new energy vehicles under complex operating conditions. However, strong nonlinearity and time-varying characteristics still limit the accuracy and robustness of conventional approaches. To address this issue, this paper proposes a model-based and data-driven fusion strategy for SOP estimation. A physics-based battery model is employed to describe the dynamic behavior of the battery, and an SOP estimation framework is constructed by jointly considering multiple practical constraints, including terminal voltage, SOC, and the intrinsic current limit, so as to enable online evaluation… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Bing Wang1,2,*, Qingshuai Yang1, Lu Zhang1, Yuzhi Gao1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078263
Abstract Under the constraints of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the low-carbon transition of the power sector is imperative for China. Underground Coal Gasification Combined Cycle (UCGCC) coupled with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) offers a potential pathway for clean coal utilization, yet a systematic evaluation of its environmental benefits compared to mature technologies remains lacking. This study establishes a comprehensive Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model to benchmark the energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the UCGCC-CCS system against the Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)-CCS system. The system boundaries encompass the entire process… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Haiqing Cai1,2, Liang Tu1,2, Wei Chen3,4, Wencong Wu3,4, Qingyan Zhang5, Jian Wang5,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.080048
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Operation and Control of Grid-connected New Energy and Emerging Loads)
Abstract To address the difficulty of adapting reactive power optimization strategies in distribution networks to diverse scenarios due to source-load uncertainty, which increases the risk of over-voltage and overloads, a reactive power optimization strategy for distribution networks is proposed based on probabilistic power flow sensitivity. Firstly, considering the impact of source-load uncertainty on the dispatching strategy of distribution networks, a reactive power optimization model based on chance constraints is constructed, and the probabilistic models of random variables for voltage and branch power fluctuations in the chance constraints are respectively characterized by probabilistic power flow sensitivity. Then,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Wenkui Xi1,2, Bin Zhao1,*, Wei Tian2,3, Min Wang2,4, Shuqin Xiao2,3, Shichun Liu2,3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077980
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Green and Low-Carbon Pipeline Transportation Theory and Technology for Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Unconventional Media)
Abstract To mitigate the issues of pipeline narrowing and obstruction in metal tubing caused by natural gas hydrate formation during the extraction of onshore natural gas wells, particularly in cold regions, Changqing Oilfield has proposed an integrated gathering and transportation mode termed “Wellbore Insulation-Wellhead Throttling”. This mode uses metal-reinforced composite insulation pipe as the production tubing for natural gas wells. This study simulates the operational conditions of the Changqing Sulige gas field and employs the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to examine the multiphase flow characteristics of hydrates within the insulation pipe of this structure. This… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Tongfei Cui*, Shiyang Rong, Tengkai Yu, Qi Zhang, Shaopeng Zhang, Yang Li
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076756
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Global Intelligent Optimization and Advanced Control of Photovoltaic Systems Under Complex Operating Conditions)
Abstract The high penetration of distributed photovoltaic (DPV) systems poses significant challenges to voltage stability in distribution networks due to their intermittency and volatility. The diversification of inverter control strategies, particularly the coexistence of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) inverters, creates complex hybrid integration scenarios. Coordinating these inverter types with traditional devices like on-load tap changers (OLTCs) and shunt capacitor banks (SCBs) for effective voltage regulation is thus a crucial issue. This study develops a novel bi-level active-reactive coordinated voltage regulation strategy. A comprehensive voltage regulation model for hybrid inverter systems is established, followed by the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jian Zhang1,*, Jun Lu1, Yu Liu1, Yanhua He2, Changhui Yu3, Lingyao Lei3, Xiao Qi3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078236
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Low-Carbon Situational Awareness and Dispatch Decision of New-Type Power System Operation)
Abstract High renewable energy penetration compels thermal power units to operate across wide load ranges, causing significant parameter variations that degrade the performance of traditional fixed-parameter automatic generation control (AGC). To address the resulting nonlinear dynamics, this paper proposes a frequency control strategy based on deep learning nonlinear model predictive control (DL-NMPC). Specifically, an attention-based bidirectional long short-term memory (Attention-BiLSTM) network is constructed to accurately model the variable-parameter frequency regulation dynamics of thermal units. Serving as the predictive core of the nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) framework, this model forecasts grid frequency responses, while the whale… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zheng Zhang1,2,*, Zhenning Qiao1,2, Jianbo Du3, Yanfeng Gao4, Yu Zhao5, Yi Yang1,2, Zhibo Xu1,2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077029
Abstract To inhibit hydrate reconfiguration during deepwater dual-wall drill string dual-gradient reverse circulation drilling, accurate wellbore thermal profile characterization is critical. In this study, a novel two-dimensional transient heat field model is established. Unlike previous steady-state or one-dimensional approaches, this model explicitly captures the radial-axial thermal coupling and the transient ‘shallow-section heating’ effect unique to the dual-wall, counter-current flow architecture, providing a more accurate tool for hydrate stability assessment. A comprehensive numerical sensitivity study shows the system exhibits strong thermal decoupling. Circulating medium injection temperature governs the outlet temperature, where a
Open Access
ARTICLE
Gangui Yan, Lu Chen, Aolan Xing*, Jianshu Li, Leiyujie Xiao
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076781
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Grid Integration and Electrical Engineering of Wind Energy Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Applications)
Abstract Wind power prediction is affected by seasonal meteorological conditions, exhibiting significant multi-scale spatio-temporal coupling characteristics and random volatility. Existing models still fail to consider the volatility and uncertainty of power aggregation under seasonal characteristics. Therefore, based on the data of 36 wind farms in three regions (Siping, Baicheng, and Songyuan) in Jilin Province, this paper proposes a wind power prediction method based on multi-level spatio-temporal feature fusion. In the time dimension, this method uses the temporal convolutional network and the seasonal embedding module to jointly model the multi-scale trends and fluctuation characteristics of the power… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jianjun He1,*, Hai Zhang1, Junzhe Tian1, Hongxiang Luo2, Yuexin Du1, Zhiqing Deng1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078867
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI and Advanced Computational Techniques for Sustainable Renewable Energy Systems)
Abstract To address the limitations of traditional deep learning models in diagnosing multiple coupled faults in photovoltaic arrays—such as manual hyperparameter tuning, susceptibility to local optima, and limited diagnostic accuracy—this study proposes an intelligent diagnostic method. The method integrates an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) with a CNN-Transformer model. First, the original SSA is enhanced by incorporating a Circle chaotic map, a dynamic adaptive weight, and a sine-cosine search strategy to improve its global optimization capability and convergence stability. Second, a CNN-Transformer base model is constructed. This model employs a 1D-CNN to extract local fault features… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhengji Meng1, Lei Wang1, Xuekai Hu1, Zijian Wang2,*, Linjun Shi2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077923
Abstract With the rapid popularization of distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems, traditional load forecasting is facing more and more challenges due to various problems caused by distributed PV grid connection. Distributed PV significantly affects the net load distribution and weakens the effectiveness of traditional forecasting methods. Therefore, improving the accuracy of load forecasting under high PV penetration has become a key issue for the safe and efficient operation of modern power systems. To solve this problem, a load forecasting method based on Particle Swarm Optimization and Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (PSO-BiLSTM) network with distributed PV identification and… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Man Fan1, Yifang Li1, Yang Qiao1, Yin Zhang2,*, Bowen Xu1,*, Xiangfei Kong1, Han Li1, Ramy Rabie3, Tamer M. Mansour4
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077085
Abstract Bifacial photovoltaic (bPV) harnesses solar energy from both sides, significantly enhancing power generation. However, accurate and rapid power estimation for bPV remains challenging as most research has focused on monofacial photovoltaic (mPV). Unlike mPV, the power output of bPV is significantly influenced by complex thermal behavior due to bilateral energy absorption, necessitating models coupling thermal and electrical performance. This study firstly tested the thermal and electrical properties of mPV and bPV under various meteorological conditions. Five power estimation models were then developed and compared, including two linear models, two simplified single-diode models (SDM), and one… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Longqiao Hu1, Yunjin Wang1,*, Jia Liu1, Jiacheng Yin1, Siyu Zhang2, Mengyu Li1, Qi Wu1, Jiawei Li1, Fujian Zhou3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079317
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery in Unconventional ReservoirsⅡ)
Abstract The flow mechanisms of shale oil are inherently complex, characterized by diverse occurrence states. Establishing a robust production forecasting model is essential for thoroughly evaluating well deliverability and the efficacy of reservoir stimulation. While conventional analytical techniques, numerical reservoir simulation, and production decline analysis constitute standard practice, they often struggle to balance computational efficiency with predictive fidelity. Intelligent algorithms offer superior precision in short-term forecasting following extensive data training; however, they frequently exhibit poor generalization and underfitting during long-term performance projections. Consequently, integrating domain-specific production decline theory as physical constraints represents a strategic pathway to… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jing Shi1, Zesen Li1, Delv Zhu1, Bingjie Li1, Lang Gao2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077553
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Renewable Energy and Storage: Harnessing Hydrocarbon Prediction and Polymetric Materials for Enhanced Efficiency and Sustainability)
Abstract In view of the multi-energy subject coupling and operation optimization problems faced by the integrated energy system in the low-carbon transformation, taking a certain city in Jiangsu Province as the experimental object, the research first constructs a city-level low-carbon integrated energy system with hydrogen energy storage as the core hub. Then, the mathematical models of key equipment such as gas turbines, gas boilers, and thermal storage tanks are established. Finally, the multi-energy subject system achieves autonomous optimization and collaborative control through multi-agent DDPG. This method showed good energy utilization efficiency and scheduling flexibility in different… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Song Gao1, Jiarui Wang2, Yu Zhang1, Ling Jiang3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076467
Abstract This paper proposes a cooperative fault recovery method for distribution networks and microgrids considering dynamic network reconfiguration. First, an optimization model is constructed with the objectives of minimizing electricity purchase costs, voltage deviations, network losses, load shedding, and microgrid operation costs. The model thoroughly considers operational conditions, including power flow constraints, security operation constraints, and network reconfiguration constraints, within the distribution network. Second, to address the privacy protection requirements of distributed energy resources (DERs) in microgrids, a k-order approximation method is employed to establish an operation feasible region (OFR) model for microgrid operational flexibility resources. This… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yujie Shi, Guoxing Wu*, Qingwei Wang, Xieli Fu, Wenfeng Yang
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.074213
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Renewable Energy and Storage: Harnessing Hydrocarbon Prediction and Polymetric Materials for Enhanced Efficiency and Sustainability)
Abstract This study proposes an optimized ensemble learning framework for energy-efficiency assessment in low-voltage distribution networks by integrating multiple data sources. The framework integrates heterogeneous data from smart meters, SCADA systems, meteorological stations, and network topology databases, employing advanced feature engineering to extract 89 essential predictors from 147 initial features. Three gradient boosting algorithms—Random Forest, XGBoost, and LightGBM—are combined through an elastic net stacking strategy with Bayesian hyperparameter optimization. The stacking ensemble achieved superior performance with an MAE of 118.4 kWh, an RMSE of 164.2 kWh, an MAPE of 3.98%, and an R2 of 0.952, representing 16.8%… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Dexin Li1, Yuhang He2, Song Gao1, Jianyi Che2,*, Shuyu Zhou1, Rundong Tian2, Yuman Song2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078052
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Grid Integration and Electrical Engineering of Wind Energy Systems: Innovations, Challenges, and Applications)
Abstract The integration of new-energy power electronic devices into the grid is prone to induce subsynchronous/supersynchronous oscillations, posing a threat to grid stability. Conventional oscillation identification methods are often affected by mode mixing and noise interference during parameter extraction, which compromises analysis accuracy. To address these issues, this paper proposes a variational mode decomposition (VMD) method based on a trigonometric topology aggregation optimization (TTAO) algorithm. The TTAO algorithm adaptively optimizes the key VMD parameters—the number of modes K and the penalty factor α—thereby improving the accuracy and robustness of signal decomposition. Furthermore, the total least squares-estimating signal… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ze’ang Ma1, Jie Chen2,*, Shuai Lyu3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076832
Abstract To address the operational volatility and complexity caused by the high penetration of renewable energy in distribution networks, the traditional static and isolated operation mode of distribution transformers struggles to simultaneously ensure power supply quality and economic efficiency. This paper proposes a coordinated dispatch strategy for interconnected distribution transformers based on regional dynamic partitioning and shared energy storage systems. Firstly, an improved K-means partitioning model for distribution transformers is constructed. By integrating a comprehensive distance metric that combines load characteristics and geospatial information, the limitations of traditional single-dimensional partitioning are overcome. Furthermore, a bi-level optimization… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ningling Wang1, Chaoyun Yang1, Pengjun Li2,3, Zhicheng Qi4, Shanshan Xu4, Tianwei Gu4, Jiale Wen1, Xiaoxiao Dou1, Liqiang Duan1, Chengzhou Li2,3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076636
Abstract In the context of the integration of energy and transportation, the integrated energy system (IES) is a promising alternative energy supply mode for express scenarios. To guarantee the feasibility and reliability of the IES, a scientific evaluation of system performance is required to assist the system design and operation optimization. Therefore, this paper proposes an innovative comprehensive evaluation method for the expressway integrated energy system (E-IES) considering its distinctive energy-use character. Firstly, a multi-attribute index system is constructed covering energy efficiency, economy, environmental protection, reliability, and industry impact, which considers the influence of renewable energy… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Houhe Chen1, Yuxi Song1, Zheng Yang1,*, Yunjing Liu1,2, Lizhong Lu2, Zaifeng Li2, Tiebin Guo2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077103
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Data-Driven Energy Systems: Industrial Efficiency, Renewable Integration, and Intelligent Optimization)
Abstract Addressing the challenges of harmonic source tracing caused by low micro-PMU (μPMU) coverage and multi-source coupling in distribution networks, this paper proposes a distributed harmonic source localization method based on subsystem partitioning and virtual current injection. Initially, to achieve high-precision extraction of target harmonic phasors from limited measurement data, an improved windowed interpolation Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) combined with a subspace projection denoising algorithm is utilized. Subsequently, a topology-based subsystem partitioning strategy is proposed to construct a “virtual harmonic current injection” model; by tentatively injecting virtual currents at nodes within the subsystem and calculating the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Wenbiao Li1,2, Shengxuan Sun3,*, Cheng Liu1, Yuchi Zhang1, Yu Qi4, Yuhang Li1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075762
Abstract To address voltage fluctuations caused by high-penetration wind power integration, this paper proposes a hybrid reactive power compensation strategy based on Sample Entropy-improved Symplectic Geometric Mode Decomposition (SE-improved SGMD) for smoothing wind power output. The innovation lies in enhancing SGMD by introducing SE to quantitatively evaluate the complexity of decomposed Symplectic Geometry Components (SGCs). This improvement enables adaptive reconstruction of high-, medium-, and low-frequency components from system unbalanced reactive power, effectively overcoming modal aliasing and subjective parameter dependency inherent in conventional methods like Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD). The reconstructed components… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hao Yang1,*, Shuo Feng1, Bo Jin1, Fang Shi2, Zhenglong Sun1, Xiaohan Shi2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077417
Abstract To ensure secure post-fault frequency ride-through in modern power systems, the grid codes specify strict frequency recovery criterion (FRC) for different regional power systems. In response to the FRC, this paper proposes a decentralized adaptive load shedding strategy to enhance frequency recovery. First, a Markov decision process (MDP) is constructed to characterize the load shedding control procedure for frequency control. The frequency evolution status used to decide load shedding actions is extracted based on the FRC, which includes the magnitude deviation and the recovery time deviation of bus frequency. The load shedding amount and time… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Qiang Li1, Yue Sun2, Jingbo Wang1, Xingxu Zhu2, Cuiping Li2, Junhui Li2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077140
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Energy and Energy Storage System)
Abstract During the process of energy storage clusters participating in power system Automatic Generation Control (AGC), the rational allocation of command power directly impacts the execution effectiveness of frequency regulation commands. Most existing strategies allocate power based on the proportional rated power, without considering the differences in capacity and power among diverse types of energy storage units. This can easily cause the State of Charge (SOC) of some energy storage stations to rapidly exceed limits, leading to output limitation, significant command tracking errors, and ultimately compromising system stability. To address the aforementioned issues, this paper proposes… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Dongfeng Yang1, Zibin Yang1, Xiaojun Liu1,*, Chao Jiang1, Hexiang Niu1, Gang Huang2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076060
Abstract With the continuous integration of high-proportion renewable energy into islanded microgrids, these systems face the dual challenges of fluctuations in wind and solar power output and seasonal imbalances in energy demand. In isolated grid environments, scalable energy storage technology has become a critical solution to address renewable energy curtailment and insufficient system regulation capacity. However, a single storage technology struggles to economically accommodate the full spectrum of temporal fluctuations, ranging from intra-day variations to seasonal imbalances. To overcome this limitation, this study proposes a temporally driven collaborative planning method for electricity-ammonia-thermal energy storage capacity. By… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yunlong Li1,*, Yuer Zhao1, Li Pan2, Huimin Zhang1, Jun Wang1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078123
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Neutronic and Thermal-Hydraulic Analysis of Advanced Nuclear Reactors)
Abstract Micro Gas-Cooled Reactor (MGCR) has garnered attention in relevant domains, owing to its advantages of miniaturization and transportability, which is capable of providing stable electrical power to off-grid and special regions. As a typical multi-physics coupled system, a dynamic model for the MGCR integrating nuclear, thermal-hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical subsystems was developed in this study using the multi-physics modeling language Modelica. Steady-state validation results indicate that the maximum deviation between the simulated values and the design parameters is merely 1.05%. Meanwhile, transient validation demonstrates a high degree of consistency with the outcomes generated by the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Dong Liu1, Xinyu Li1, Yuanqiang Zhao1, Jinhuan Liu1, Xiangfei Kong2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077639
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrated Renewable Energy Systems for Heating, Cooling, Power Generation and Energy Management)
Abstract Despite the significant carbon dioxide emissions associated with the combustion of gas-fired boilers, they remain widely used in modern heating systems. The integration of gas-fired boilers with solar thermal utilization systems enables the synergistic use of traditional and sustainable energy sources, offering an effective pathway for energy conservation and carbon reduction in the heating sector. This study innovatively proposes an advanced predictive control strategy that combines mass flow regulation with artificial neural network modeling. This approach allows for real-time hourly control of the system’s thermal output, effectively addressing the limitations of traditional control strategies that… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Limeng Wang, Haonan Shen*, Xingchao Chai, Saihang Li
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078006
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Low-Carbon Situational Awareness and Dispatch Decision of New-Type Power System Operation)
Abstract Under the “dual-carbon” strategic goal, in order to improve the economy, a low-carbon and multi-energy coupling of integrated energy system (IES), this paper proposes an optimal scheduling method of the integrated energy system considering low-carbon demand response and multiple utilization of hydrogen energy. Initially, power-to-gas (P2G) is coupled with carbon capture to achieve carbon recovery and reuse. Building upon the conventional P2G framework, this study develops an expanded hydrogen-energy utilization scheme that integrates hydrogen fuel cells, a hydrogen tank, and a gas-fired combined heat and power (CHP) unit operating with hydrogen blending, thereby fully harnessing… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiang Ding1,2,3, Huai Chen1,3, Wenfeng Gao1,2,3,*, Baihong Liu1,3, Qiong Li1,3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076058
Abstract Building sectors in China contributes more than 40% of the total national energy consumption, and thus efficient control of energy is important in meeting the 2-carbon target. This paper proposes QEMES–ASHP (Quantum-Enhanced Multi-Physics Energy Simulation with Air Source Heat Pump integration) as a real-time platform, combining thermal, electrical, and fluid dynamics modelling with adaptive control using AI. The main innovations of the framework include: (i) real-time multi-physics coupling, in which modelling heat–power–airflow interactions under dynamic climate conditions, (ii) machine learned system switching in solar–ASHP–PCM systems, and (iii) fractal-based time modelling, which uses a Brownian motion… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Pingzhen Xu, Xin Shen*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076327
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Bridging Renewable Energy Technologies and Marine Resources Toward Integrated Strategies for a Resilient Blue Economy)
Abstract In the context of global climate change, increasing energy security challenges, and marine ecological degradation, advancing the intelligent transformation of industrial systems and accelerating the development of marine renewable energy have become crucial pathways to achieving low-carbon growth and building a sustainable blue economy. Industrial intelligence plays a key role in supporting marine energy development through intelligent manufacturing and smart operation and maintenance technologies. Drawing on data from 30 provinces in China between 2011 and 2022, this study employs a structural equation model to systematically examine the impact mechanism of industrial intelligence on carbon emissions. More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Lei Shen1,2, Qiang Gao1, Shanyun Gu1, Wei Li1, Jun Li1, Jianquan Li1, Ruyi Xia1, Jie Ji2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075509
Abstract Aiming at the contradiction between green energy consumption and diesel dependence in temporary construction camps under the condition of “weak data-weak communication”, this paper puts forward a collaborative framework of off-grid light storage and firewood storage with tight coupling of “prediction-scheduling”. The prediction layer constructs a lightweight IOOA-CNN-BiLSTM-Markov model: CNN extracts the spatial characteristics of tower crane shadow and cloud cluster, BiLSTM captures the bidirectional time series dependence, Markov residual compensates the non-stationary disturbance, and uses the improved Osprey algorithm to complete the small sample superparameter self-tuning at the edge of ARM, thus realizing the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Wei Wang1,2, Xiaogang Li1,2, Binbin Shi1,2, Kai Shen3,*, Wentao Zhu1,2, Xing Hong1,2, Hao Bai1,2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075896
Abstract Coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs are typically characterized by ultra-low permeability, pronounced heterogeneity, and strong stress sensitivity. A primary challenge in horizontal-well hydraulic fracturing is to accurately characterize complex fracture morphology and efficiently simulate fracture–matrix flow, which is essential for coordinated optimization of production performance and economics. This study proposes the Fracture Connection Element Method (FCEM), which departs from conventional grid-based discretization by representing both matrix and fractures as nodes. Matrix nodes are generated via Poisson-disk sampling to achieve spatially uniform coverage. The hydraulic-fracture network is converted into a node–edge topology using Dijkstra’s shortest-path algorithm, preserving… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yonghua Yang1, Xiaolan Teng1, Yulong Zhang1, Li Lu1, Wenjun Xu2,3,*, Yuanai Liao2,3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076993
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery in Unconventional Reservoirs)
Abstract Tight sandstone gas reservoirs have significant development potential; however, due to strong reservoir tightness and pronounced heterogeneity, conventional hydraulic fracturing is often constrained by water-blocking effects and insufficient formation energy, resulting in limited stimulation performance. To address these challenges, this study focuses on a tight sandstone gas reservoir in western Sichuan and develops a triple-medium gas–water two-phase productivity prediction model coupling the main fracture, stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), and matrix, in which key physical mechanisms such as fracture geometry, gas slippage effects, stress sensitivity, and capillary forces are systematically considered. Based on this model, an… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Xiaobiao Fu1, Jing Zhang2,*, Baoju Li1, Guanqun Zhuang1, Yiming Li1, Chao Pan2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076430
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrated Renewable Energy Systems for Heating, Cooling, Power Generation and Energy Management)
Abstract To enhance the wind-solar accommodation rate and the low-carbon operation of integrated energy system (IES), the utilization potential of waste heat is explored for participation in heterogeneous energy flow interaction. Firstly, a waste heat cascade utilization system is proposed. The relationship between waste heat temperature and carbon emissions of the system is investigated. Building on this, the time-varying characteristics of waste heat temperature are analyzed in accordance with carbon emission variation. And an intraday waste heat cascade utilization strategy is formulated. Then, a comprehensive benefit evaluation model is constructed with economic costs, wind-solar accommodation rate, More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hongwei Ji, Zhenyu Lin, Xingya Chen*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076052
Abstract With advancing science and technology, traditional fossil-fuel vehicles are being replaced by new energy vehicles. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are hailed as their ultimate form for zero-pollution operation and water-only emission. The air compressor, a core component of their air supply system, directly impacts overall system efficiency. This paper calculates the initial parameters to obtain detailed impeller dimensions and performs simulations. For the nozzle part, MATLAB is used for programming to calculate detailed curve coordinates based on parameters. After verifying the simulation, the number of nozzle blades, nozzle blade outlet angle, nozzle inlet radius, and… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yixuan Wang1, Yanchao Li1, Qiang Feng1, Haicheng Sun2, Guchang Zhang3, Zhiming Zhao1, Jianfeng Xiao1, Jingyun Huang1, Tiankui Guo3,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076849
Abstract Achieving uniform proppant distribution among multiple perforation clusters is essential for the effectiveness of horizontal well fracturing, yet remains challenging due to complex solid-liquid transport mechanisms. This study presents a comprehensive numerical investigation using Computational Fluid Dynamics to analyze proppant transport heterogeneity in a full-scale 90-m horizontal wellbore with five perforation clusters. An Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase model is employed to simulate proppant transport and settling in the wellbore and perforations. The effects of key operational and geometric parameters—including injection rate, proppant concentration and size, fluid viscosity and phase angle—are systematically evaluated. Results demonstrate that flow rate… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhongjin Shi#, Zhe Zang#, Chong Wang#, Yue Yang*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.074923
Abstract To address the critical challenges of power fluctuations and the imperative for efficient reactive power optimization in distribution networks with high photovoltaic (PV) penetration, this study proposes an innovative solution: a robust reactive power optimization approach that integrates VMD-LSTM-based PV power forecasting with the advanced Lion Swarm Optimization (LSO) algorithm. The methodology commences by employing Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) to decompose the PV power sequence into distinct modal components in a seamless manner. Each modal component is subsequently modeled using a dedicated forecasting framework built on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, with the LSO algorithm… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Hongbo Liu, Jingzhou Zhu, Li Sun*, Fanjun Zeng
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075768
Abstract This paper tackles the challenge of balancing computational efficiency with analytical rigor in Probabilistic Power Flow (PPF) analysis for power systems with integrated wind power. We propose an enhanced steady-state security region (SSR) assessment method based on PPF theory. The methodology first employs a hybrid Monte Carlo technique that integrates Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) with Importance Sampling (IS) to compute and analyze the probabilistic power flow distribution. This hybrid strategy ensures comprehensive global coverage while intensively sampling critical risk regions, thereby improving both computational efficiency and accuracy. Subsequently, a fast-search model for the SSR is… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yihua Zhu1, Chao Luo1, Yuxia Tang1, Renxin Yang2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075636
Abstract With the rapid development of renewable energy, the proportion of wind power generation in modern power systems has been steadily increasing. Benefiting from the high controllability of power electronic converters, wind energy can be efficiently transmitted to the grid through power conversion stages. However, the reliability of wind turbine systems is closely related to the thermal stress and degradation of power semiconductor devices. The diversity of actual operating conditions and the rapid fluctuations of grid load bring significant challenges to their safe and stable operation. To address these issues, this paper establishes an online electro-thermal… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Kewen Li, Xiaoyong Yu, Shifeng Ou*, Jueming Pan
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073825
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Analytics on Energy Systems)
Abstract The increasing integration of renewable energy sources (e.g., wind and solar power) into distribution grids and the development of new, source–grid–load–storage coordinated power systems have led to a substantial expansion in the volume of situational awareness data in the distribution networks. Moreover, the transmission of low-voltage distribution measurement data via a power line carrier (PLC) is often susceptible to packet loss and, consequently, data gaps. To address these issues, this paper proposes a data completion method using a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN) integrated with a three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN). This approach leverages the… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yinfeng Ma1, Kuan Zhang1,*, Youxin Chen1, Nian Liu1, Zhi Xu2, Min Ren2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077169
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Next-Generation Distribution System Planning, Operation, and Control)
Abstract With the advancement of the Rural Revitalization Strategy and the “Dual Carbon” goals, rural energy systems are exhibiting pronounced multi-energy coupling, a high penetration of renewable energy, and strong load randomness, placing higher demands on the construction of source-load scenarios across multiple time scales. Addressing the limitations of traditional statistical models in generating high-quality short-term source-load scenarios and the tendency of deep learning methods to overlook medium- to long-term seasonal evolution patterns, this paper proposes a hybrid data- and model-driven method for constructing multi-energy source-load scenarios in rural systems. This method establishes a multi-time-scale generation… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Rongyi Niu1,2, Chong Li1,2,*, Gang Gu1,2, Qunhui Hu1,2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076567
Abstract To address the operational complexity caused by the high proportion of new energy integration into distribution networks, a multilevel resource-coordinated operation strategy based on an improved whale optimization algorithm (improved WOA) is proposed for active distribution networks (ADNs). A bilevel optimization model is established to ensure the economic and safe operation of ADNs. The upper level is used to minimize the total system operation cost, while the lower level is used to optimize the power balance. Subsequently, the improved WOA, integrated with an adaptive weight and chaotic disturbance mechanisms, is used to solve the bilevel… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhan Lv*, Lan Lan, Zijian Hu, Honghua Xu, Hong Zhu, Jiehua Hou
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075769
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Digital and Intelligent Planning and Operation Technologies for Flexible Distribution Network)
Abstract To fully utilize the diverse source-grid-load-storage flexible resources integrated in new distribution networks, this paper proposes an optimal load transfer strategy that coordinates distributed generator island operation with network reconfiguration. Following a fault event, the strategy prioritizes the black-start capability of distributed generators and establishes island operation model to maximize and locally restore critical loads while respecting island operational constraints. To solve this model, the actual topology of the new distribution network is abstracted as a tree structure, and an improved Kruskal algorithm is employed to derive the minimum spanning tree, achieving optimal island partition… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Wenqiang Xie*, Xiaolong Xiao, Fangfang Zhu, Ziran Guo, Xiaoxing Lu
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.075298
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence-Driven Collaborative Optimization of Electric Vehicle, Charging Station and Grid: Challenges and Opportunities)
Abstract In the framework of the comprehensive energy transition, the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) powered by renewable energy emerges as a promising alternative, particularly with relevance to applications like electric vehicles (EVs), where clean and efficient power sources are crucial. However, the accurate prediction of PEMFC performance degradation poses significant challenges due to the combined effects of complex and variable aging mechanisms and operational conditions, which are especially critical in the context of EV applications where reliability and durability directly impact vehicle performance and user safety. These challenges pose notable constraints on the feasibility… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yunlong Du1, Shuyi Zhuang2,*, Zhigang Ye2, Qiangsheng Bu2, Yun Chai1, Yuanbing Wang3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074702
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Analytics on Energy Systems)
Abstract Under the dual challenges of global warming and energy transition, improving the short-term forecasting accuracy of surface solar radiation is of great practical importance for photovoltaic (PV) power integration. In this study, a short-term solar radiation forecasting model based on the XGBoost machine learning algorithm was developed for Jiangsu Province by integrating multispectral data from the Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) geostationary satellite with ground-based meteorological observations. The model incorporated 18 input features—including satellite reflectance, solar zenith angle, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), elevation, and land-cover data—to dynamically predict ground horizontal irradiance (GHI) with 0–4 h lead times.… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Zhen Pan1, Lijuan Huang1, Kaiwen Huang1, Feipeng Huang1, Bo Yang2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077000
Abstract With the global pursuit of carbon neutrality and the rapid development of marine renewable energy, offshore power transmission has become a key link in the integration of offshore power into onshore power grids. This paper summarizes the current advanced offshore transmission technologies, including high voltage alternating current transmission, high voltage direct current transmission, multi-terminal high voltage direct current transmission, hybrid high voltage direct current transmission, frequency division transmission, offshore overhead line transmission and energy storage transmission system. The application scenarios of various technologies are analyzed in detail: High voltage alternating current transmission is suitable for More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
He Wang, Yuyan Wang, Jing Bian*, Huanan Yu
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076766
Abstract Addressing the challenges of peak shaving and curtailment caused by integrating a large amount of renewable energy into the grid, this paper proposes an optimized operation method for microgrid electricity-hydrogen hybrid energy storage (EH-HES), which considers electrolyzer arrays and an energy management strategy (EMS). Firstly, the time span of the energy-rich season and the energy-poor season is determined through time series decomposition, and a hydrogen energy storage (HES) operation mode based on seasonal typical scenarios is proposed. Secondly, the key equipment for EH-HES is modeled, including the hybrid electrolyzer arrays model that considers rotation strategy… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Wanxing Sheng1, Xiaoyu Yang1, Dongli Jia1, Keyan Liu1, Zewei Chen2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.075810
Abstract Accurate forecasting of electricity consumption patterns is a fundamental task of power demand-side management (DSM), particularly for industrial and commercial users who significantly influence market supply-demand balance and price fluctuations. Traditional forecasting methods, including statistical models and deep learning approaches, often struggle to capture the complex multi-factor, non-linear, and spatio-temporal dependencies inherent in power load data. To address these limitations, this paper introduces GBCTT (GAT-TBA-CNN-TCN), a novel multi-factor load forecasting model. The model integrates a Graph Attention Network (GAT) to dynamically learn spatial dependencies among heterogeneous influencing factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, electricity prices), a Time… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Nan Li1,2,*, Yinan Wang2, Liang Huang3, Yabin Zhu4, Guangyao Zhang5
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073712
Abstract The large-scale integration of new energy into power systems significantly elevates the risk of instability. To achieve an accurate assessment of power system transient stability, a multi-classification assessment model based on an improved TCN-ResNeXt is proposed. The core of this model lies in a dual-branch structure, which enables the extraction and interactive fusion of dynamic temporal features and spatial features at multiple scales. By integrating the Triplet Attention mechanism, the model enhances focus on key features across the three dimensions of channel, space, and time—effectively boosting the assessment performance of the transient stability multi-classification model.… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yi Pan, Mingshen Wang, Ye Xue, Huiyu Miao, Kemin Dai, Xiaodong Yuan*, Fei Zeng
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074882
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Sustainable Transport Technologies and Strategies: Impacts on Energy and Environment)
Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs), characterized by their large-scale deployment and flexible charging–discharging scheduling, represent a growing form of transportation. However, their widespread adoption poses considerable challenges to the security and stability of the power grid during peak charging periods, highlighting the need for effective management of the coupled traffic–grid system. To address this issue, this paper proposes a blockchain-driven optimization model for charging scheduling in dynamic traffic networks. Blockchain technology is introduced to ensure data transparency and security in decentralized decision-making. First, a queuing model integrating the Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) function with the M/M/c/K… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Qiang Liu1, Yongqiang Zhou1, Chaoyang Lu2, Zhen Yan1, Yanwen Li1, Gangui Yan2, Yupeng Wang2,*
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074766
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Energy and Energy Storage System)
Abstract Hybrid photovoltaic and energy storage systems play a critical role in enhancing grid stability; however, the sub-synchronous oscillation issues induced by their power electronic interfaces cannot be overlooked. This study proposes a graphical block-based modeling method for a hybrid power generation system composed of grid-following (GFL) photovoltaic and grid-forming (GFM) energy storage units. The method abstracts each system component into graphical modules with clearly defined interfaces, enables intuitive construction in the Matlab/Simulink environment, and utilizes built-in functions to automatically generate global system equations. While ensuring model accuracy, it significantly improves modeling intuitiveness, efficiency, and scalability,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Lizhong Lu1, Guangze Li2, Zheng Yang2,*, Yunjing Liu1,2, Xiaozhuo Guan1, Tiebin Guo1
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.075585
Abstract With the substantial advancement of the manufacturing industry, a large number of new types of loads are being connected to the distribution network via power electronic devices, exacerbating the deterioration of power quality at the Point of Common Coupling and making harmonic problems increasingly severe. Currently, most researchers focus on improving harmonic suppression performance from the perspective of the controller, but they overlook the fact that excessive performance enhancement may lead to issues such as resonance in the distribution network. To address this, this paper proposes an adaptive harmonic compensation strategy for scenarios with limited… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Jiyuan Liao1, Jiangyan Zhao2,*, Xin Li3, Changmao Liu1, Banghong Tang1, Zihan Ling3
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074667
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Energy Management and Process Optimization in Industrial Manufacturing: Towards Smart, Sustainable, and Efficient Production Systems)
Abstract To address the uncertainty and volatility of renewable energy while meeting the requirements of low-carbon economic operation, this paper proposes a two-stage robust optimal dispatch model for an integrated wind-solar-hydro-thermal-storage energy system with coupled power-to-gas (P2G) and carbon capture system (CCS). First, a mathematical model of the integrated wind-solar-hydro-thermal-storage energy system with P2G-CCS coupling is developed to promote internal carbon cycling and enhance the capability to accommodate renewable energy. Second, the scheduling problem is formulated as a two-stage robust optimization model. A cardinality-based uncertainty set is adopted to model deviations in renewable energy output, and… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhenjie Yuan, HaiLong Yu*, Hongjun Cao
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.076483
Abstract Low-NOx combustion of natural gas is essential for cleaner industrial heat supply under increasingly strict emission regulations. However, many existing low-NOx swirl burners still rely on single-mechanism control and suffer trade-offs between temperature suppression, combustion stability, and mixing uniformity. This work develops and numerically optimizes a structurally integrated cyclonic-impingement natural-gas burner that combines four rows of impinging secondary-air jets with four axially deflected main fuel nozzles, realizing a coupled swirl-impingement-staging mechanism that differs fundamentally from conventional swirl burners employing only geometric swirl or simple air staging. Validated three-dimensional RANS CFD simulations (realizable k-ε turbulence model,… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Junmin Tang1,*, Yi Ding2, Juzheng Zhu3, Hongbo Zhong3, Yanliang Long4, Shuo Dong5
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074489
Abstract With the rapid growth of the electric vehicle (EV) population and the development of active distribution networks (DN), the optimal scheduling of power systems that incorporate EVs has become increasingly important. electric vehicle battery swap stations (EVBSS), leveraging their substantial battery resources and suitability for centralized scheduling, offer a new approach for enhancing DN flexibility. Accordingly, this paper proposes a two-stage optimal scheduling method for DN that considers low-carbon demand response and the battery life of EVBSS. The method employs dynamic carbon emission factors as penalty components in time-of-use electricity pricing, thereby transmitting carbon signals… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Ximing Zhang1,*, Zhuohuan Li2, Xuexia Quan1, Kai Cheng2, Yang Yu2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073912
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Digital and Intelligent Planning and Operation Technologies for Flexible Distribution Network)
Abstract The “N-1” criterion represents a fundamental principle for assessing the reliability of power systems in static security analysis. Existing studies mainly rely on centralized single-agent reinforcement learning frameworks, where centralized control is difficult to cope with regional autonomy and communication delays. In high-dimensional state–action spaces, these approaches often suffer from low efficiency and unstable policies, limiting their applicability to large-scale grids. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) method enhanced with Curriculum Learning (CL) and Prioritized Experience Replay (PER). The proposed framework adopts a Centralized Training with Decentralized Execution… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Guoqing Li, Jian Lou, Shouqi Jiang*, Yechun Xin, Yanxu Wang, Tuo Wang
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074947
Abstract To mitigate the frequency stability challenges arising from insufficient system inertia and inadequate damping capacity, a phased active frequency support control strategy for the sending-end grid with collaborative participation of wind power and modular multilevel converter-based high-voltage direct current (MMC-HVDC) is proposed, which realizes flexible mutual support and efficient utilization of multiple frequency regulation units. For wind power, a macro-variable considering frequency and power deviations is constructed based on cooperative control theory, then an adaptive frequency cooperative control method is designed based on rotor speed and pitch angle adjustment, which realizes differentiated utilization of rotor… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yifeng Wang1,*, Wei Cui1, Zhihui Wang2, Yanning Xue2, Bing Wang2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074707
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovative Renewable Energy Systems for Carbon Neutrality: From Buildings to Large-Scale Integration)
Abstract This paper proposes a photovoltaic (PV) output prediction and trading strategy based on fractal theory. Firstly, rescaled range analysis (R/S analysis) is employed to quantify the fractal characteristics of PV output sequences under different weather conditions. By calculating the Hurst exponent and fractal dimension, the self-similarity patterns and complexity differences are revealed. Secondly, a fractal interpolation prediction method based on the iterated function system is constructed to achieve high-precision fitting of typical daily output curves. Finally, by integrating the fractal prediction results, a trading decision-making model aimed at minimizing daily electricity procurement costs is established, More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Yi Qi1, Yuhao Xie2,*, Zhibing Hu1, Fan Ding1, Junxian Ma3, Liang Zhao3, Shouqi Jiang2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073663
Abstract To address the challenges of low inertia support capability and poor frequency stability encountered in the process of power system electronification, this paper designs a coordinated inertia support control strategy for offshore wind power connected to the grid via Modular Multilevel Converter Based High Voltage Direct Current (MMC-HVDC), which enhances the system inertia level and accounts for secondary frequency drop. In terms of inertia support, building on the existing coupling relationship between grid frequency and DC voltage, the influence of wind turbine (WT) rotor speed is further integrated, leading to the proposal of a virtual… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Li Sun, Fanjun Zeng, Hongbo Liu, Chenglian Ma*, Qiting Zhang, Jingzhou Zhu
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073405
Abstract The widespread integration of large-scale wind power has resulted in decreased equivalent inertia in power systems, thereby compromising their frequency regulation (FR) capabilities. Conventional synthetic inertia control faces challenges under stochastic wind conditions, including inadequate utilization of rotor kinetic energy in high wind condition regions and the risk of triggering rotor speed stability limits in low wind condition regions. To overcome these limitations, in this paper, a parameter adaptive synthetic virtual inertial control (SVIC) framework based on wind speed partition is proposed. The control mechanisms are designed differently across partitioned wind condition intervals: in high-wind-speed More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Qiang Liu1, Yongqiang Zhou1, Chaoyang Lu2, Zhen Yan1, Gangui Yan2, Cheng Yang2,*, Yupeng Wang2
Energy Engineering, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073028
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: New Energy and Energy Storage System)
Abstract The increasing proportion of power generated by new energy has meant that grid-forming energy storage has become a key method for improving power grid flexibility. However, the small disturbance stability problem has become an important challenge. The issue is that grid-forming energy storage is prone to low-frequency oscillation under strong grid conditions. Therefore, this study proposes a multi damping torque model to analyze the small signal stability of grid-forming energy storage converters. The impact of grid strength, operating conditions, and control parameters on the damping characteristics of the low-frequency oscillation by the system was quantitatively More >
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