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With the Green Deal, the European Union is pursuing the goal of comprehensively creating a CO2-neutral economy and society by 2050. Sales of internal combustion vehicles still significantly exceed those of electric ones, highlighting the need for bridging technologies to achieve the ambitious goals in the transport sector. Such technologies include Fischer-Tropsch and dimethyl ether-to-gasoline synthesis. The latter synthesizes aromatics-rich byproducts in addition to a valuable gasoline fraction, reducing process yields. The gasoline also lacks low-boiling components and contains a high concentration of 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene (durene), posing a risk of crystallization. Hydroprocessing of the heavy ends can improve petrochemical parameters. At the same time, the content of unsaturated molecules is lowered, improving the emission tendency of the fuel.
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    ARTICLE

    Hydroprocessing and Blending of a Biomass-Based DTG-Gasoline

    David Graf, Philipp Neuner, Reinhard Rauch*
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2169-2192, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022759 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract The number of annually registered internal-combustion vehicles still exceeds electric-driven ones in most regions, e.g., Germany. Ambitious goals are disclosed with the European Green Deal, which calls for new technical approaches and greenhouse gas neutral transition technologies. Such bridging technologies are synthetic fuels for the transportation sector, e.g., using the bioliq® process for a CO2-neutral gasoline supply. Fuels must meet the applicable national standards to be used in existing engines. Petrochemical parameters can be variably adapted to their requirements by hydroprocessing. In this work, we considered the upgrading of aromatic-rich DTG gasoline from the bioliq® process. The… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Research on the Effects of the Most Used Market Power Mitigation Mechanisms Considering Different Market Environments

    Yangsheng Sun1, Zhihua Wang1, Gaoqin Wang2, Beibei Wang3,*
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2193-2210, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020943 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract The market power mitigation method of the supply-side has become one of the key points affecting the stability of the electricity spot market. Different mitigation mechanisms are used in the current mature electricity markets of the world. However, the same market power mitigation mechanism shows different effects in different market environments. Every market operator in the world needs the most efficient way to mitigate market power. Considering that there is no relevant literature discussing the market power effects of different mitigation methods in detail, the mitigation effects need to be discussed and further researched. So, More >

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    ARTICLE

    Optimal Allocation of Public Transport Hub Based on Load Loss Value and the Economy of Distribution Network

    Yuying Zhang1,2,*, Chen Liang2, Bo Sun2, Qiang Chen3, Mingyang Lei3
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2211-2229, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020341 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract The rapid development of electric buses has brought a surge in the number of bus hubs and their charging and discharging capacities. Therefore, the location and construction scale of bus hubs will greatly affect the operation costs and benefits of an urban distribution network in the future. Through the scientific and reasonable planning of public transport hubs on the premise of meeting the needs of basic public transport services, it can reduce the negative impact of electric bus charging loads upon the power grids. Furthermore, it can use its flexible operation characteristics to provide flexible… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Experimental Analyses of Moderately High-Temperature Heat Pump Systems with R245fa and R1233zd(E)

    Ting Chen1, Oh Kyung Kwon2,*
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2231-2242, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021289 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract With the limited production and use of R245fa, environmentally friendly refrigerant has attracted the attention of researchers. Due to the similar thermal characteristics, R1233zd(E) is considered to be an ideal substitute for R245fa in heat pump systems. In this study, the performance and economic analysis of heat pump systems with R245fa and R1233zd(E) as refrigerants are carried out. The results show that the total cost of R1233zd(E) system is more than 10% higher than that of R245fa system under the same heating load. With the increase of condensation temperature, the heating capacity of both systems More >

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    ARTICLE

    Study of Local Structural Changes on Air Cooling at the End of Rotor Windings for Variable Speed Pumped Storage Generator-Motor

    Yanliang Qiu1,2, Bin Xiong1,2, Zhe Hou1,2,*, Lin Luo3
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2243-2254, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021322 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract The shrink fit retaining ring is currently the easiest to install and the most widely used end fixed for structure AC excitation variable speed generator-motor rotor end windings. However, the current research on the effect of high strength sealing on the ventilation and heat dissipation performance of the end is not enough. In this paper, based on the actual structural parameters and periodic symmetry simplification, the three-dimensional coupled calculation model of fluid field and temperature field is established. After solving the fluid and thermal equations, the influence of the length of rotor support block, the More >

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    REVIEW

    Methyl Ester Type Produced by Catalytic Transesterification: From Various Oil Feedstock to Biodiesel Products

    Aman Santoso*, Sumari Sumari, Muhammad Roy Asrori
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2255-2276, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021596 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract Biodiesel research has been carried out via transesterification. However, biodiesel products (methyl esters) have not encountered new insights, because feedstocks have been explored and studied. Various optimum conditions on transesterification reaction could produce different methyl ester type with different compound. So, this review describes various oil feedstock that were to find new insights about methyl ester type. The review took the results of study that has been published with experience for 10 years. The results of the study reviewed on the transesterification method, characterization of methyl esters, and its components. The component reviewed and correlated More >

    Graphic Abstract

    Methyl Ester Type Produced by Catalytic Transesterification: From Various Oil Feedstock to Biodiesel Products

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    ARTICLE

    Application of Submerged Ultrafiltration in Pretreatment of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater

    Jiageng Zhang1, Zhengfeng Wang2, Jiguang Huang1, Chao Cheng1, Heng Zhang1, Dan Gao1,*
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2277-2296, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020795 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advanced Materials and Technologies for Sustainable Energy)
    Abstract

    Nowadays, the zero liquid discharge of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater from coal-fired units has attracted the attention of all countries in the world. The pretreatment methods generally have the problems of high operation cost, small treatment capacity, and poor flexibility. However, the membrane method can avoid the above problems. In the current research, it has not been found that someone directly uses submerged ultrafiltration to pretreat FGD wastewater. Therefore, this paper innovatively proposed to directly use ceramic ultrafiltration membrane to treat FGD wastewater, which can ensure effluent quality and improve the flexibility of the pretreatment

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    ARTICLE

    The Effects of Turbulence Intensity and Tip Speed Ratio on the Coherent Structure of Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Wake: A Wind Tunnel Experiment

    Yuxia Han1,2, Jianwen Wang1,2,*, Xin Li3, Xueqing Dong1,2, Caifeng Wen1,2
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2297-2317, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020858 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
    Abstract The evolution laws of the large-eddy coherent structure of the wind turbine wake have been evaluated via wind tunnel experiments under uniform and turbulent inflow conditions. The spatial correlation coefficients, the turbulence integral scales and power spectrum are obtained at different tip speed ratios (TSRs) based on the time-resolved particle image velocity (TR-PIV) technique. The results indicate that the large-eddy coherent structures are more likely to dissipate with an increase in turbulence intensity and TSR. Furthermore, the spatial correlation of the longitudinal pulsation velocity is greater than its axial counterpart, resulting into a wake turbulence… More >

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    ARTICLE

    An Experimental Study on the Performance of a Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar System

    Xin Xu1,*, Lian Zhang1,2,*
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2319-2345, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022457 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract Considered as the widespread renewable energy, solar energy is used to produce the electricity and heat for carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. However, the photo-electric conversion efficiency will decrease with the increase of cells temperature. To solve this problem, a water-type hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar system has been designed and tested in Hong Kong. The outdoor experiment proceeded all days in 6 months with three different operating modes. The data of selected 33 days were used to analyze the performance of the system. The results showed that the thermal efficiencies were 33.6%, 52%, and 48.3%… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Research on VSG Frequency Characteristics and Energy Storage Device Capacity and Charge-Discharge Characteristics Based on Feedforward Branch

    Baoge Zhang1, Shanyan Ping1,*, Haoliang Shi2, Yi Long1, Boxiang Wu1, Yuemin Jiao1
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2347-2367, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021693 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract Renewable energy is connected to the grid through the inverter, which in turn reduces the inertia and stability of the power grid itself. The traditional grid-connected inverter does not have the function of voltage regulation and frequency regulation and can therefore no longer adapt to the new development. The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has the function of voltage regulation and frequency regulation, which has more prominent advantages than traditional inverters. Based on the principle of VSG, the relationship between the frequency characteristics and the energy storage capacity of the feedforward branch-based virtual synchronous machine (FVSG) More >

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    ARTICLE

    Fault Ride-Through (FRT) Behavior in VSC-HVDC as Key Enabler of Transmission Systems Using SCADA Viewer Software

    Samuel Bimenyimana1, Chen Wang1,*, Godwin Norense Osarumwense Asemota2, Aphrodis Nduwamungu2, Francis Mulolani6, Jean De Dieu Niyonteze8, Shilpi Bora1,7, Chun-Ling Ho1, Noel Hagumimana3, Theobald Habineza4, Waqar Bashir5, Yiyi Mo1
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2369-2406, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019257 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract The world’s energy consumption and power generation demand will continue to rise. Furthermore, the bulk of the energy resources needed to satisfy the rising demand is far from the load centers. The aforementioned requires long-distance transmission systems and one way to accomplish this is to use high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. The main technical issues for HVDC transmission systems are loss of synchronism, variation of quadrature currents, amplitude, the inability of station 1 (rectifier), and station 2 (inverter) to either inject, or absorb active, or reactive power in the network in any circumstances… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Research on Electricity Consumption Model of Library Building Based on Data Mining

    Jiaming Dou1, Hongyan Ma1,2,3,*, Rong Guo1
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2407-2429, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019654 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract With the exponential development of Chinese population, the massive energy consumption of buildings has recently become an interest subject. Although much research has been conducted on residential buildings, heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC), little research has been conducted on the relationship between student’s behavior, campus buildings, and their subsystems. Using classical seasonal decomposition, hierarchical clustering, and apriori algorithm, this paper aims to provide an empirical model for consumption data in campus library. Smart meter data from a library in Beijing, China, is adopted in this paper. Building electricity consumption patterns are investigated on an… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Fault Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Generator with Stacked Noise Reduction Autoencoder Based on Group Normalization

    Sihua Wang1,2, Wenhui Zhang1,2,*, Gaofei Zheng1,2, Xujie Li1,2, Yougeng Zhao1,2
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2431-2445, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020779 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
    Abstract In order to improve the condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of wind turbines, a stacked noise reduction autoencoding network based on group normalization is proposed in this paper. The network is based on SCADA data of wind turbine operation, firstly, the group normalization (GN) algorithm is added to solve the problems of stack noise reduction autoencoding network training and slow convergence speed, and the RMSProp algorithm is used to update the weight and the bias of the autoenccoder, which further optimizes the problem that the loss function swings too much during the update process. Finally, More >

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    ARTICLE

    Voltage Profile Enhancement and Power Loss Reduction with Economic Feasibility Using Small Capacity Distribution Transformers

    Rasool M. Imran1,2,*, Mohammed R. Saeed1, Mohammed Amer Mohammed3, Osama A. Suhry3, Ihsan H. Abdulqadder4, Hasan Wahhab Salih5, Mohammed R. Almallah6, Firas M. F. Flaih3
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2447-2467, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021871 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract

    Usually, rural areas can be electrified via three-phase distribution transformers with relatively large capacities. In such areas, low voltage lines are used for long distances, which cause power losses and voltage drop for different types of consumers. Reducing losses and improving voltage profiles in rural distribution networks are significant challenges for electricity distribution companies. However different solutions were proposed in the literature to overcome these challenges, most of them face difficulties when applied in the conventional distribution network. To address the above issues, an applicable solution is proposed in this paper by installing a number

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    ARTICLE

    Exploring Win-Wins from Trade-Offs? Co-Benefits of Coalbed Methane Utilization for the Environment, Economy and Safety

    Bing Wang1,2,*, Zhongxun Li1, Rui Shi1, Yuzheng Zhang1, Yao Yao1
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2469-2487, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021171 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovative Energy Systems Management under the Goals of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality)
    Abstract With policy incentives for the coalbed methane in energy industry, coalbed methane from coal production has been effectively improved by technology innovations in coalbed methane extraction and utilization. The progress of coalbed methane promotes the clean construction of energy system and contributes to carbon neutrality target. To quantitatively measure the contributions of the coalbed methane in energy industry, this paper builds a carbon emissions accounting system for coalbed methane in China and assesses the historical co-benefits of coalbed methane utilization from the aspects of emissions reduction, safety and economy. By using the parameters of gas… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Optimal Energy Consumption Optimization in a Smart House by Considering Electric Vehicles and Demand Response via a Hybrid Gravitational Search and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

    Rongxin Zhang1,*, Chengying Yang2,3, Xuetao Li1
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2489-2511, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021517 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
    Abstract Buildings are the main energy consumers across the world, especially in urban communities. Building smartization, or the smartification of housing, therefore, is a major step towards energy grid smartization too. By controlling the energy consumption of lighting, heating, and cooling systems, energy consumption can be optimized. All or some part of the energy consumed in future smart buildings must be supplied by renewable energy sources (RES), which mitigates environmental impacts and reduces peak demand for electrical energy. In this paper, a new optimization algorithm is applied to solve the optimal energy consumption problem by considering… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Wind Energy Data Analysis and Resource Mapping of Dangla, Gojjam, Ethiopia

    Belayneh Yitayew1,*, Wondwossen Bogale2
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2513-2532, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.018961 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Wind Energy Development and Utilization)
    Abstract Energy is one of the most important factors in socio-economic development. The rapid increase in energy demand and air pollution has increased the number of ways to generate energy in the power sector. Currently, wind energy capacity in Ethiopia is estimated at 10,000 MW. Of these, however, only eight percent of its capacity has been used in recent years. One of the reasons for the low use of wind energy is the lack of accurate wind atlases in the country. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop an accurate wind atlas and review… More >

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    REVIEW

    Review on Capacity Optimization of Traction Transformer for High-Speed Railway

    Ruoqiong Li1,*, Linrun Xiao1, Jingtao Lu2, Xin Li2
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2533-2548, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020803 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Modern Electric Power and Energy Systems)
    Abstract In electrified railways, traction load not only fluctuates between peaks and valleys, but also has a situation of low utilization rate of average load throughout the day and short overload. The traction transformer selects the capacity with the peak load as the demand boundary, which will cause the capacity utilization rate to be low and even lead to the economic decline of the traction power supply system. This article summarizes the existing configuration methods for capacity optimization of traction transformer. Then under the conditions of energy storage and new energy access to traction power supply… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Research on the Change of Airfoil Geometric Parameters of Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blades Caused by Atmospheric Icing

    Xiyang Li1, Yuhao Jia2, Hui Zhang1,*, Bin Cheng1
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2549-2567, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020854 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract Icing can significantly change the geometric parameters of wind turbine blades, which in turn, can reduce the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil. In-depth research is conducted in this study to identify the reasons for the decline of wind power equipment performance through the icing process. An accurate experimental test method is proposed in a natural environment that examines the growth and distribution of ice formation over the airfoil profile. The mathematical models of the airfoil chord length, camber, and thickness are established in order to investigate the variation of geometric airfoil parameters under different icing… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Optimization Study on Regenerative Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with Heat Source of Low-Grade Steam

    Zhao Wang1, Su Yan1, Mingfeng Zhu1, Wen Zhu1, Han Zhang2, Xiang Gou2,*
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2569-2584, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020644 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract Aiming at improving the performance of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with low-grade steam as heat source, this work studied and optimized the main operating parameters of the ORC system. The effects of evaporation temperature, superheat degree, condensation temperature and regenerator pinch temperature difference on the system performance were obtained. The optimization for the operating parameters is based on the indicators of specific net power output, waste heat pollution, cycle exergy efficiency, and total UA value (the product of overall heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer area of heat exchanger). The results show that the More >

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    ARTICLE

    Design and Analysis of Cascaded Hybrid-Bridge Multi-Cell Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Total Harmonic Distortion Profile

    Bulbul Sharma1,*, N. Karthick1, Durgesh Prasad Bagarty2
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2585-2605, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021465 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract This multilevel inverter methodology is the center of focus among researchers in recent era. It has been focused due to its advantages over existing topologies, drawbacks and improvement of power quality, Multi-level inverter has the ability to generate nearly sinusoidal waves. This sinusoidal wave can be further improved by increasing the level of output voltage or with the help of filter design, and this manuscript presents single-phase Multi cell Multi-Level Inverter (MLI). It has been considered for reducing component count to get a higher number of output voltage levels and lower Total harmonics distortion profile.… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Data Mining Based Integrated Electric-Gas Energy System Multi-Objective Optimization

    Zhukui Tan1,*, Yongjie Ren1, Hua Li1, Weili Ren2, Xichao Zhou2, Ming Zeng1
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2607-2619, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019550 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract With the proposal of carbon neutrality, how to improve the proportion of clean energy in energy consumption and reduce carbon dioxide emissions has become the important challenge for the traditional energy industry. Based on the idea of multi-energy complementarity, a typical integrated energy system consisting of electric system and gas system is constructed based on the application of power to gas (P2G) technology and gas turbine in this paper. Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization model with economic improvement, carbon emission reduction and peak-load shifting as objectives is proposed, and solved by BSO algorithm. Finally, a typical More >

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    ARTICLE

    An Improved Biometric Fuzzy Signature with Timestamp of Blockchain Technology for Electrical Equipment Maintenance

    Rao Fu1,*, Liming Wang2, Xuesong Huo2, Pei Pei2, Haitao Jiang3, Zhongxing Fu4
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2621-2636, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020873 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI Based Planning, Dispatching, and Operation of New Energy Systems)
    Abstract The power infrastructure of the power system is massive in size and dispersed throughout the system. Therefore, how to protect the information security in the operation and maintenance of power equipment is a difficult problem. This paper proposes an improved time-stamped blockchain technology biometric fuzzy feature for electrical equipment maintenance. Compared with previous blockchain transactions, the time-stamped fuzzy biometric signature proposed in this paper overcomes the difficulty that the key is easy to be stolen by hackers and can protect the security of information during operation and maintenance. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method More >

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    ARTICLE

    Management of Peak Loads in an Emerging Electricity Market

    Edwin N. Mbinkar1,*, Derek Ajesam Asoh1,2,3, Jerome Ndam Mungwe3, Livinus Songyuh4, Emmanuel Lamfu5
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2637-2654, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.023419 - 14 September 2022
    Abstract An electricity market is a trading platform provided by the actors in the electricity sector to sell and buy electricity while maintaining the stability of the transmission network and minimizing energy losses. The management of electrical energy for rational use consists of all the operations that the consumers can carry out in order to minimize their electricity bill, while the producers optimize their benefits and the transmission infrastructure. The reduction of active and reactive power consumption and the smoothing of daily and yearly load profiles are the main objectives in this work. Many developed countries… More >

    Graphic Abstract

    Management of Peak Loads in an Emerging Electricity Market

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    ARTICLE

    Optimal Operation of Electric Vehicles and Distributed Generation Resources in Smart Grid Considering Load Management

    Zheng Wang*, Shangke Liu, Yanli Xiao, Ye Wan, Bin Bai
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2655-2679, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021843 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
    Abstract Technology advancement and the global tendency to use renewable energy in distributed generation units in the distribution network have been proposed as sources of energy supply. Despite the complexity of their protection, as well as the operation of distributed generation resources in the distribution network, factors such as improving reliability, increasing production capacity of the distribution network, stabilizing the voltage of the distribution network, reducing peak clipping losses, as well as economic and environmental considerations, have expanded the influence of distributed generation (DG) resources in the distribution network. The location of DG sources and their… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Modeling the Proposal of the Simultaneous Purchases and Sales of Electricity and Gas for the Energy Market in a Microgrid Using the Harmony Search Algorithm

    Zinan Zhou, Yirun Chen, Wensheng Dai*
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2681-2709, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021410 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
    Abstract The use of different energy carriers together, known as an energy hub, has been a hot topic of research in recent years amongst scientists and researchers. The term energy hub refers to the simultaneous operation of various infrastructures for energy generation and transfer, which has gained momentum in the form of microgrids (MGs). This paper introduces a new strategy for the optimal performance of an MG consisting of different energy carriers for each day. In a smart distribution network (DN), MGs can reduce their own costs in the previous-day market by bidding on sales and… More >

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    ARTICLE

    Enhancement of Large Renewable Distributed Generation Penetration Levels at the Point of Common Coupling

    Akinyemi Ayodeji Stephen*, Kabeya Musasa, Innocent Ewean Davidson
    Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.6, pp. 2711-2744, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.023069 - 14 September 2022
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integration of Large-Scale Renewable Energy in the Energy Systems)
    Abstract The occurrence of distortion and over voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) of Renewable Distributed Generation (RDG) limits its penetration levels to the power system and the RDG integration is expected to play a crucial role in power system transformation. For its penetrations to be sustained without disconnection from the system, there must be a solution to the voltage rise, distortion, unbalanced current and grid reactive power control strategy at PCC. It is an IEEE-1547 requirement that RDG integration to the power system should be regulated at PCC to avoid disconnection from the… More >

    Graphic Abstract

    Enhancement of Large Renewable Distributed Generation Penetration Levels at the Point of Common Coupling

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