Open Access

ARTICLE

J. S. V. Siva Kumar¹, Mahmad Mustafa², Sk. M. Unnisha Begum³, Badugu Suresh⁴, Rajanand Patnaik Narasipuram^5,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 3891-3904, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.070052 - 30 September 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: AI in Green Energy Technologies and Their Applications)
Abstract Electric vehicle (EV) monitoring systems commonly depend on IoT-based sensor measurements to track key performance parameters such as vehicle speed, state of charge (SoC), battery temperature, power consumption, motor RPM, and regenerative braking. While these systems enable real-time data acquisition, they are often hindered by sensor noise, communication delays, and measurement uncertainties, which compromise their reliability for critical decision-making. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a comparative framework that integrates reference signals, a digital twin model emulating ideal system behavior, and real-time IoT measurements. The digital twin provides a predictive and noise-resilient representation of More >

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558

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EDITORIAL

Bo Yang^1,*, Guo Zhou¹, Shuai Zhou², Yaxing Ren³
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 3905-3915, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.069600 - 30 September 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Artificial Intelligence-Driven Advanced Wave Energy Control Technology)
Abstract This article has no abstract. More >

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518

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REVIEW

Surajudeen Sikiru^1,2,*, Jemilat Yetunde Yusuf ³, Hassan Soleimani⁴, Niraj Kumar⁵, Zia ur Rehman⁶, Bonnia N N^1,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 3917-3960, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067815 - 30 September 2025
Abstract Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) refers to the many methodologies used to augment the volume of crude oil extracted from an oil reservoir. These approaches are used subsequent to the exhaustion of basic and secondary recovery methods. There are three primary categories of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR): thermal, gas injection, and chemical. Enhanced oil recovery methods may be costly and intricate; yet, they facilitate the extraction of supplementary oil that would otherwise remain in the reservoir. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) may prolong the lifespan of an oil field and augment the total output from a specific… More >

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292

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ARTICLE

Jinyu Guo^*, Xingxu Zhu, Zezhong Liu, Cuiping Li
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 3961-3983, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067811 - 30 September 2025
Abstract In high-renewable-energy power systems, the demand for fast-responding capabilities is growing. To address the limitations of conventional closed-loop frequency control, where the integral coefficient cannot dynamically adjust the frequency regulation command based on the state of charge (SoC) of energy storage units, this paper proposes a secondary frequency regulation control strategy based on variable integral coefficients for multiple energy storage units. First, a power-uniform controller is designed to ensure that thermal power units gradually take on more regulation power during the frequency regulation process. Next, a control framework based on variable integral coefficients is proposed… More >

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384

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ARTICLE

Khairul Eahsun Fahim¹, Liyanage C. De Silva², Sk. A. Shezan^3,*, Md Ashraful Islam⁴, Md Shakib Hassan⁵, Hayati Yassin^1,*, Naveed Ahmad⁶
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 3985-3997, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066484 - 30 September 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integration of Renewable Energies with the Grid: An Integrated Study of Solar, Wind, Storage, Electric Vehicles, PV and Wind Materials and AI-Driven Technologies)
Abstract Around the world, there has been a notable shift toward the use of renewable energy technology due to the growing demand for energy and the ongoing depletion of conventional resources, such as fossil fuels. Following this worldwide trend, Brunei’s government has initiated several strategic programs aimed at encouraging the establishment of energy from renewable sources in the nation’s energy mix. These initiatives are designed not only to support environmental sustainability but also to make energy from renewable sources increasingly competitive in comparison to more conventional energy sources like gas and oil, which have historically dominated… More >

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635

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229

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ARTICLE

Yuqian Qi^*, Yanbo Che, Liangliang Liu, Jiayu Ni, Shangyuan Zhang
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 3999-4017, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.068054 - 30 September 2025
Abstract The process of including renewable energy sources in power networks is moving quickly, so the need for innovative configuration solutions for grid-side ESS has grown. Among the new methods presented in this paper is GA-OCESE, which stands for Genetic Algorithm-based Optimization Configuration for Energy Storage in Electric Networks. This is one of the methods suggested in this study, which aims to enhance the sizing, positioning, and operational characteristics of structured ESS under dynamic grid conditions. Particularly, the aim is to maximize efficiency. A multiobjective genetic algorithm, the GA-OCESE framework, considers all these factors simultaneously. Besides… More >

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1286

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433

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ARTICLE

Mao Jiang¹, Jianshu Wu¹, Chengyong Peng¹, Xuesong Xing¹, Yishan Lou^2,3, Yi Liu^2,3,*, Shanyong Liu^2,3
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4019-4034, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067236 - 30 September 2025
Abstract Fracture conductivity is a key factor to determine the fracturing effect. Optimizing proppant particle size distribution is critical for ensuring efficient proppant placement within fractures. To address challenges associated with the low-permeability reservoirs in the Lufeng Oilfield of the South China Sea—including high heterogeneity, complex lithology, and suboptimal fracturing outcomes—JRC (Joint Roughness Coefficient) was employed to quantitatively characterize the lithological properties of the target formation. A CFD-DEM (Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method) two-way coupling approach was then utilized to construct a fracture channel model that simulates proppant transport dynamics. The proppant particle size under different… More >

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1127

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170

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ARTICLE

Pralay Roy¹, Pabitra Kumar Biswas¹, Chiranjit Sain^2,*, Taha Selim Ustun^3,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4035-4060, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.068989 - 30 September 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Low-Carbon Situational Awareness and Dispatch Decision of New-Type Power System Operation)
Abstract This study presents the use of an innovative population-based algorithm called the Sine Cosine Algorithm and its metaheuristic form, Quasi Oppositional Sine Cosine Algorithm, to automatic generation control of a multiple-source-based interconnected power system that consists of thermal, gas, and hydro power plants. The Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller, which is utilized for automated generation control in an interconnected hybrid power system with a DC link connecting two regions, has been tuned using the proposed optimization technique. An Electric Vehicle is taken into consideration only as an electrical load. The Quasi Oppositional Sine Cosine method’s performance and efficacy… More >

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1216

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390

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ARTICLE

Qiji Dai¹, Jikai Li^2,*, Bohui Ning¹, Yutao Xu¹, Chang Liu², Xuan Zhang¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4061-4080, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067304 - 30 September 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Emerging Technologies for Future Smart Grids)
Abstract Aiming at the challenge of complex load balancing coordination for a three-phase four-leg (3P4L) based multi-ended low voltage flexible DC distribution system (M-LVDC) considering unbalanced power compensation, this paper proposes a phase-split power decoupling unbalanced compensation strategy based load balancing strategy for 3P4L based M-LVDC. Firstly, the topology and operation principle of the 3P4L-based M-LVDC system is introduced, and quasi-proportional resonant (QPR) based phase-split power current control for the 3P4L converter is proposed. Secondly, a load-balancing control strategy considering unbalanced compensation for 3P4L-based M-LVDC is presented, in which the control diagrams for each 3P4L-based converter… More >

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1245

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190

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ARTICLE

Jingying Zou^1,#, Wenzhou Liu^1,#, Yaoxuan Han², Chenxi Wang³, Chao Dong⁴, Youbo Jia^5,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4081-4097, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067544 - 30 September 2025
Abstract The ocean, as one of Earth’s largest natural resources, covers over 70% of the planet’s surface and holds vast water energy potential. Building on this context, this study designs a hybrid generator (WWR-TENG) that integrates a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and an electromagnetic generator (EMG). TENG is a new technology that can capture mechanical energy from the environment and convert it into electrical energy, and is particularly suitable for common natural or man-made power sources such as human movement, wind power, and water flow. EMG is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy through… More >

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1243

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286

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ARTICLE

Fan Chen^*, Tianhui Zhang, Man Wang, Zhiheng Zhuang, Qiang Zhang, Zihan Ma
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4099-4120, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.069346 - 30 September 2025
Abstract The configuration of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) plays a pivotal role in mitigating wind power fluctuations and enabling primary frequency regulation, thereby enhancing the active power support capability of wind power integration systems. However, most existing studies on HESS capacity configuration overlook the self-recovery control of the state of charge (SOC), creating challenges in sustaining capacity during long-term operation. This omission can impair frequency regulation performance, increase capacity requirements, and shorten battery lifespan. To address these challenges, this study proposes a bi-level planning–operation capacity configuration model that explicitly incorporates SOC self-recovery control. In… More >

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1206

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361

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ARTICLE

Tuhid Pashaee Golmarz¹, Seyyed Kazem Yekani^1,*, Ebrahim Abdi aghdam²
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4121-4134, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067446 - 30 September 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Green Hydrogen Technologies)
Abstract Since the beginning of the 20th century, alkaline electrolysis has been used as a proven method for producing hydrogen on a megawatt scale. The existence of parasitic shunt currents in alkaline water electrolysis, which is utilized to produce clean hydrogen, is investigated in this work. Analysis has been done on a 20-cell stack. Steel end plates, bipolar plates, and an electrolyte concentration of 6 M potassium hydroxide are all included in the model. The Butler-Volmer kinetics equations are used to simulate the electrode surfaces. Ohmic losses are taken into consideration in both the electrode and… More >

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1198

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211

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ARTICLE

Sheng Bi^1,2,*, Jiayan Wang¹, Dong Su¹, Hui Lu¹, Yu Zhang¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4135-4151, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066735 - 30 September 2025
Abstract By comparing price plans offered by several retail energy firms, end users with smart meters and controllers may optimize their energy use cost portfolios, due to the growth of deregulated retail power markets. To help smart grid end-users decrease power payment and usage unhappiness, this article suggests a decision system based on reinforcement learning to aid with electricity price plan selection. An enhanced state-based Markov decision process (MDP) without transition probabilities simulates the decision issue. A Kernel approximate-integrated batch Q-learning approach is used to tackle the given issue. Several adjustments to the sampling and data… More >

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655

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192

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ARTICLE

Junyu Deng^1,2, Rui Zhang^1,*, Xudong Zhao³, Hongzhi Xu^1,2, Peng Ji¹, Zizhen Zhang¹, Yifan Yang¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4153-4168, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.065906 - 30 September 2025
Abstract Field tests have demonstrated that depressurization with controlled sand production is an effective technique for natural gas hydrate extraction. Variations in depositional environments and processes result in significant heterogeneity within subsea natural gas hydrate-bearing sediments. However, the influence of permeability heterogeneity on production performance during depressurization with controlled sand production remains inadequately understood. In this study, a multiphase, multi-component mathematical model is developed to simulate depressurization with controlled sand production in methane hydrate-bearing sediments, incorporating geological conditions representative of unconsolidated argillaceous siltstone hydrate deposits in the Shenhu area of the South China Sea. The effects… More >

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512

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178

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ARTICLE

Zhiyuan Zhang¹, Meng Shuai², Bin Wang¹, Ying He³, Fan Yang¹, Liyan Ren^4,*, Yuyuan Zhang⁴, Ziren Wang⁴
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4169-4194, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066793 - 30 September 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Emerging Technologies for Future Smart Grids)
Abstract With the rapid development of renewable energy, the Microgrid Coalition (MGC) has become an important approach to improving energy utilization efficiency and economic performance. To address the operational optimization problem in multi-microgrid cooperation, a cooperative game strategy based on the Nash bargaining model is proposed, aiming to enable collaboration among microgrids to maximize overall benefits while considering energy trading and cost optimization. First, each microgrid is regarded as a game participant, and a multi-microgrid cooperative game model based on Nash bargaining theory is constructed, targeting the minimization of total operational cost under constraints such as More >

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760

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223

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ARTICLE

Bouasria Youssef, Zaimi Mhammed, El Ainaoui Khadija, Assaid El Mahdi^*
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4195-4223, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067425 - 30 September 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Modelling, Optimisation and Forecasting of Photovoltaic and Photovoltaic thermal System Energy Production)
Abstract Current research focuses on the performance degradation of photovoltaic (PV) modules, examining both crystalline silicon (p-Si and m-Si) and thin-film technologies, including a-Si/c-Si, HIT, CdTe and CIGS. These modules were operated outdoors in two distinct climatic zones in the United States (US) over a period of three years. The degradation analysis includes the study of various quantities, such as the decrease in peak power, the reduction in current and voltage, and the variation in the fill factor. The annual degradation rate (DR) of PV modules is obtained by a linear fit of the effective maximum… More >

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1312

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202

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ARTICLE

Weibing Xu¹, Bo Yao^2,*, Xiangjun Quan³, Xunyou Zhang¹, Ning Zou², Shuo Liu², Jia Wang⁴, Jiansuo Zhang⁴
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4225-4243, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066738 - 30 September 2025
Abstract The integration of large-scale new energy and high-capacity DC transmission leads to a reduction in system inertia. Grid-forming renewable energy sources (GF-RES) has a significant improvement effect on system inertia. Commutation failure faults may cause a short-term reactive power surplus at the sending end and trigger transient overvoltage, threatening the safe and stable operation of the power grid. However, there is a lack of research on the calculation method of transient overvoltage caused by commutation failure in high-voltage DC transmission systems with grid-forming renewable energy sources integration. Based on the existing equivalent model of high-voltage… More >

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895

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205

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ARTICLE

Yuyang Liu^1,2,*, Wensheng Zhou^1,2, Zhijie Wei^1,2, Engao Tang^1,2, Chenyang Shi³, Qirui Zhang^4,*, Zifeng Chen⁴
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4245-4260, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066167 - 30 September 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrated Geology-Engineering Simulation and Optimizationfor Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)
Abstract After a long period of water flooding development, the oilfield has entered the middle and high water cut stage. The physical properties of reservoirs are changed by water erosion, which directly impacts reservoir development. Conventional numerical reservoir simulation methodologies typically employ static assumptions for model construction, presuming invariant reservoir geological parameters throughout the development process while neglecting the reservoir’s temporal evolution characteristics. Although such simplifications reduce computational complexity, they introduce substantial descriptive inaccuracies. Therefore, this paper proposes a meshless numerical simulation method for reservoirs that considers time-varying characteristics. This method avoids the meshing in traditional… More >

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484

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173

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ARTICLE

Siwakorn Banluesapy, Mahasak Ketcham^*, Montean Rattanasiriwongwut
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4261-4296, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.068422 - 30 September 2025
Abstract Traditional agricultural irrigation systems waste significant amounts of water and energy due to inefficient scheduling and the absence of real-time monitoring capabilities. This research developed a comprehensive IoT-based smart irrigation control system to optimize water and energy management in agricultural greenhouses while enhancing crop productivity. The system employs a sophisticated four-layer Internet of Things (IoT) architecture based on an ESP32 microcontroller, integrated with multiple environmental sensors, including soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and light intensity sensors, for comprehensive environmental monitoring. The system utilizes the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) communication protocol for reliable data transmission and… More >

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1130

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368

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ARTICLE

Minjie Li¹, Wanhao Shi¹, Dingqian Yang², Manman Yuan², Jiabao Du², Xuandong Liu^1,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4297-4312, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.066337 - 30 September 2025
Abstract In Xinjiang, China, Oil-immersed paper bushings used in reactors are highly susceptible to discharge breakdown faults due to drastic fluctuations in environmental and oil temperatures. To mitigate this problem, oil-free and explosion-proof epoxy resin-impregnated paper (ERIP) bushings are recommended as replacements. This study develops a multi-physics(electric-thermal-fluid) coupling model for 750 kV high voltage reactors ERIP bushings. The model aims to comprehensively assess their thermal and electrical performance under extreme ambient temperatures ranging from −40°C to 90°C and oil temperatures varying from −10°C to 90°C. The results demonstrate that the bushing temperature rises consistently with increases… More >

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399

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150

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ARTICLE

Chunyan Li¹, Luo Li¹, Yushuang Li², Yong Jia¹, Wenyan Li^3,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.10, pp. 4313-4330, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.070187 - 30 September 2025
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Operation and Control of Grid-connected New Energy and Emerging Loads)
Abstract To accelerate the large-scale integration of renewable energy and support the strategic goals of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,” High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission technology has made significant breakthroughs. Among the various approaches, a hybrid DC transmission system that combines a line-commutated converter (LCC) and a voltage source converter (VSC) retains the inherent fault self-clearing capability of the LCC topology while mitigating the risk of commutation failure when connected to a weak grid. In this paper, based on the harmonic generation mechanisms of hybrid DC transmission systems, an improved 3-pulse harmonic source model of… More >

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147