Open Access

REVIEW

Stefanos Tzelepis^*, Kosmas A. Kavadias
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1745-1769, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020984
Abstract

The constant increase in energy demand and related environmental issues have made fuel cells an attractive technology as an alternative to conventional energy technologies. Like any technology, fuel cells face drawbacks that scientific society has been focused on to improve and optimize the overall technology. Thus, the cost is the main inhibitor for this technology due to the significantly high cost of the materials used in catalyst layers. The current discussion mainly focuses on the fundamental electrochemical half-cell reaction of hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that are taking place in the catalyst layers consisting of Platinum-based… More >

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ARTICLE

Felipe Mercês Biglia¹, Raquel da Cunha Ribeiro da Silva², Fátima de Moraes Lino³, Kamal Abdel Radi Ismail³, Thiago Antonini Alves^4,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1771-1788, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019625
Abstract The frost growth on cold surfaces in evaporators is an undesirable phenomenon which becomes a problem for the thermal efficiency of the refrigeration systems because the ice layer acts as a thermal insulation, drastically reducing the rate of heat transfer in the system. Its accumulation implies an increase in energy demand and a decrease in the performance of various components involved in the refrigeration process, reducing its efficiency and making it necessary to periodically remove the frost, resulting in expenses for the defrost process. In the present work, a numerical-experimental analysis was performed in order to understand the formation process… More >

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770

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EDITORIAL

Bo Yang¹, Zhengxun Guo¹, Jingbo Wang^1,*, Chao Duan², Yaxing Ren³, Yixuan Chen⁴
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1789-1795, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022217
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Key Technologies of Renewable Energy Consumption and Optimal Operation under )
Abstract This article has no abstract. More >

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1235

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618

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ARTICLE

Jia’an Xie^1,*, Yurong Wang², Guobin Jin³, Mucheng Wu¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1797-1809, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020344
Abstract In order to effectively solve the dead-zone and low-precision of T-shaped transmission line fault location, a new T-shaped transmission line fault location algorithm based on phase-angle jump checking is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the 3-terminal synchronous fundamental positive sequence voltage and current phasors are extracted and substituted into the fault branch distance function to realize the selection of fault branch when the fault occurs; Secondly, use the condition of the fundamental positive sequence voltage phasor at the fault point is equal to calculate all roots (including real root and virtual roots); Finally, the phase-angle jump check function is used… More >

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ARTICLE

Jun Zhao¹, Shuguo Gao¹, Yunpeng Liu^2,3, Quan Wang^2,*, Ziqiang Xu², Yuan Tian¹, Lu Sun¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1811-1828, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020490
Abstract Aiming at the problem of abnormal data generated by a power transformer on-line monitoring system due to the influences of transformer operation state change, external environmental interference, communication interruption, and other factors, a method of anomaly recognition and differentiation for monitoring data was proposed. Firstly, the empirical wavelet transform (EWT) and the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were used for time series modelling of monitoring data to obtain the residual sequence reflecting the anomaly monitoring data value, and then the isolation forest algorithm was used to identify the abnormal information, and the monitoring sequence was segmented according to the… More >

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664

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ARTICLE

Yunlei Zhang¹, Ruifeng Cao¹, Danhuang Dong², Sha Peng^3,*, Ruoyun Du³, Xiaomin Xu³
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1829-1841, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020118
Abstract In the electricity market, fluctuations in real-time prices are unstable, and changes in short-term load are determined by many factors. By studying the timing of charging and discharging, as well as the economic benefits of energy storage in the process of participating in the power market, this paper takes energy storage scheduling as merely one factor affecting short-term power load, which affects short-term load time series along with time-of-use price, holidays, and temperature. A deep learning network is used to predict the short-term load, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is used to extract the features, and a long short-term memory… More >

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1222

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592

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ARTICLE

Xiangjian Shi^1,*, Teng Liu², Wei Mu², Jianfeng Zhao¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1843-1860, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020787
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract A microgrid (MG) refers to a set of loads, generation resources and energy storage systems acting as a controllable load or a generator to supply power and heating to a local area. The MG-generated power management is a central topic for MG design and operation. The existence of dispersed generation (DG) resources has faced MG management with new issues. Depending on the level of exchanges between an MG and the main grid, the MG operation states can be divided into independent or grid-connected ones. Energy management in MGs aims to supply power at the lowest cost for optimal load response.… More >

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539

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ARTICLE

Thakrittorn Pansiri¹, Attakorn Asanakham^2,*, Thoranis Deethayat², Tanongkiat Kiatsiriroat²
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1861-1878, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022332
Abstract This paper proposed a new function of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) module to produce nocturnal cool water not just only generating electrical power and hot water during daytime. Experimental tests were carried out under Chiang Mai tropical climate with a 200 Wp monocrystalline PVT module having dimensions of 1.601 m × 0.828 m connected with two water tanks each of 60 L taken for hot and cool water storages. The module was facing south with 18^o inclination. The electrical load was a 200 W halogen lamp. From experiments, by taking the module as a nocturnal radiative cooling surface, the cool water temperature in… More >

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ARTICLE

Can Li^*, Xiaode Zuo
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1879-1903, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020472
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract This work suggested a novel model for obtaining optimum bidding/offering strategy to improve the benefits in case of big users. Aiming this regard, several electrical energy resources including: micro turbines, green power sources (wind turbine and photovoltaic system), power storage unit such as Hydrogen storage system with fuel cell, as well as mutual treaties are taken into account in offered model. Considering various models for uncertain parameters based on their natures such as power demand, electricity market tariffs, solar irradiation, temperature and wind speed is one of the contributions of the proposed model. Uncertainty of power demand is modeled by… More >

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558

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ARTICLE

Liyuan Xin^1,2,3, Xiang Rao^1,2,3,*, Xiaoyin Peng^1,2,3, Yunfeng Xu^1,2,3, Jiating Chen^1,2,3
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1905-1922, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019556
Abstract The rapid production dynamic prediction of water-flooding reservoirs based on well location deployment has been the basis of production optimization of water-flooding reservoirs. Considering that the construction of geological models with traditional numerical simulation software is complicated, the computational efficiency of the simulation calculation is often low, and the numerical simulation tools need to be repeated iteratively in the process of model optimization, machine learning methods have been used for fast reservoir simulation. However, traditional artificial neural network (ANN) has large degrees of freedom, slow convergence speed, and complex network model. This paper aims to predict the production performance of… More >

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ARTICLE

Yan Jin^1,*, Dingmei Wang², Ruiping Zhang¹, Haiying Dong¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1923-1940, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.018750
Abstract Aiming at the low spatial resolution of meteorological data output from a numerical model in photovoltaic power prediction, a geographically weighted statistical downscaling method considers the influence factors such as normalized vegetation index (NDVI), digital elevation model (DEM), slope direction, longitude and latitude is proposed. This method is based on the correlation between meteorological data and NDVI, DEM, slope direction, latitude and longitude, and introduces DEM and local Moran index to improve the regression model, and obtains 100 * 100 m high-resolution meteorological spatial distribution data. Finally, combining the measured data of the study area and the established EOF iterative downscaling… More >

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805

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425

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ARTICLE

Xucheng Chang^1,*, Bing Kong², Yong Li¹, Gaofeng Ren¹, Chao Zhang¹, Zhenghe Wang¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1941-1966, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020698
Abstract For purpose of achieving the desired thermal comfort level and reducing the economic cost of maintaining the thermal comfort of green residential building, an energy efficient thermal comfort control strategy based on economic model predictive control (EMPC) for green residential buildings which adopts household heat metering is presented. Firstly, the nonlinear thermal comfort model of heating room is analyzed and obtained. A practical nonlinear thermal comfort prediction model is obtained by using an approximation method. Then, the economic cost function and optimization problem of energy-saving under the necessary thermal comfort requirements are constructed to realize the optimal economic performance of… More >

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503

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ARTICLE

Wenlu Ji, Yong Wang^*, Xing Deng, Ming Zhang, Ting Ye
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1967-1983, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020011
Abstract Virtual power plants can effectively integrate different types of distributed energy resources, which have become a new operation mode with substantial advantages such as high flexibility, adaptability, and economy. This paper proposes a distributionally robust optimal dispatch approach for virtual power plants to determine an optimal day-ahead dispatch under uncertainties of renewable energy sources. The proposed distributionally robust approach characterizes probability distributions of renewable power output by moments. In this regard, the faults of stochastic optimization and traditional robust optimization can be overcome. Firstly, a second-order cone-based ambiguity set that incorporates the first and second moments of renewable power output… More >

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818

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497

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ARTICLE

Jiusong Chen^1,*, Dejun Miao¹, Yizong Dai¹, Mojtaba Ghadamyari^2,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 1985-2003, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021142
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Recent Advances in Multi-Vector Energy Systems: Modeling and Simulation)
Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) have received special consideration from modern society over the past several years. Although EVs are a fine example of environmentally friendly technology and have many advantages, they relatively increase the electricity demand upon a power grid as well. Therefore, their negative impact on busvoltage and line losses should be analyzed. In this study, the effect of EV loads and their penetration on bus voltage and line losses of an IEEE-33 bussystem has been examined via two scenarios. It is important to mention that the effect of EVs on the rate of air pollution, produced by fossil fuel… More >

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525

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ARTICLE

Gang Lei^1,*, Chunxiang Xu²
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 2005-2029, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021154
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract In the present paper, the distribution feeder reconfiguration in the presence of distributed generation resources (DGR) and energy storage systems (ESS) is solved in the dynamic form. Since studies on the reconfiguration problem have ignored the grid security and reliability, the non-distributed energy index along with the energy loss and voltage stability indices has been assumed as the objective functions of the given problem. To achieve the mentioned benefits, there are several practical plans in the distribution network. One of these applications is the network rearrangement plan, which is the simplest and least expensive way to add equipment to the… More >

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1332

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564

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ARTICLE

Haitao Wang^1,2, Yongli Liu^1,*, Bin Shen¹, Mengxuan Ren¹, Qiyuan Shan¹
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 2031-2047, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020776
Abstract The goal of this study was to investigate coal quality features and their relationship to coal spontaneous combustion characteristics in multi-seam coal mines to better predict when coal spontaneous combustion is likely to occur. To that end, coal samples of various particle sizes were obtained from five coal seams (Nos. 6, 8, 9, 12 and 20) in the Shuangyashan City Xin’an Coal Mine. The samples were then respectively heated using a temperature programming system to observe and compare similarities and differences in the spontaneous combustion process of different particle sizes in response to rising temperature. The experimental results show, that… More >

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438

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ARTICLE

Wenpeng Guo^1,2, Yongtu Liang^1,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 2049-2064, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.019526
Abstract In this paper, the transportation economy of two heated crude oil pipelines laid in one ditch is analyzed by taking into account the influence of operating temperature, interval between two pipelines, and distance between two heating stations on the heating energy consumption. To analyze the transportation economy, the two heated crude oil pipelines laid in one ditch are simulated under four operating conditions based on an unstructured finite volume method. Compared with laying two crude oil pipelines separately in two ditches, the results attest notably higher soil temperature, meaning reduced heat dissipation of each pipeline by laying two pipelines in… More >

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868

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407

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ARTICLE

Wenjun Wei^1,2, Hao Liang^1,*
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 2065-2080, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020002
Abstract Droop control is one of the main control strategies of islanded microgrid (MG), but the droop control cannot achieve reasonable power distribution of microgrid, resulting in frequency and voltage deviation from the rating value, which needs the upper control link to eliminate the deviation. However, at present, most layered control requires a centralized control center, which excessively relies on microgrid central controller (MGCC) and real-time communication among distributed generation (DG), which has certain limitations. To solve the above problems, this paper proposes a hierarchical distributed power and power quality optimization strategy based on multi-agent finite time consistency algorithm (MA-FTCA). Firstly,… More >

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858

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427

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ARTICLE

Yuchen Hao^*, Dawei Su, Zhen Lei
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 2081-2104, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.021342
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Application of Artificial Intelligence for Energy and City Environmental Sustainability)
Abstract Renewable energy sources (RES) such as wind turbines (WT) and solar cells have attracted the attention of power system operators and users alike, thanks to their lack of environmental pollution, independence of fossil fuels, and meager marginal costs. With the introduction of RES, challenges have faced the unit commitment (UC) problem as a traditional power system optimization problem aiming to minimize total costs by optimally determining units’ inputs and outputs, and specifying the optimal generation of each unit. The output power of RES such as WT and solar cells depends on natural factors such as wind speed and solar irradiation… More >

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1339

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599

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ARTICLE

Tiecheng Li¹, Qingquan Liu¹, Hui Fan², Xianzhi Wang¹, Daming Zhou^3,*, Junan Guo³, Lee Li³, Kun Zhou³, Yujie Hu³
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 2105-2134, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.017718
Abstract Accurate conditions monitoring and early wrong action warnings of relay protection in the Smart Substation is the basic guarantee to realize the normal operation of primary and secondary system of the power grid. At present, the traditional operation and maintenance monitoring methods of relay protections have poor timeliness, while some automatic monitoring methods have insufficient early warning performance, and lack the online action deduction function independent of the actual device. In this paper, a design method of integrated action deduction system including protection logic reasoning and software and hardware operation condition is proposed. The system can receive real-time operation information… More >

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669

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425

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ARTICLE

Nada Yamoul^1,*, Latifa Dlimi¹, Baraka Achraf Chakir²
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 2135-2148, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.020005
Abstract The building sector is one of the main energy-consuming sectors in Morocco. In fact, it accounts for 33% of the final consumption of energy and records a high increase in the annual consumption of energy caused by further planned large-scale projects. Indeed, the energy consumption of the building sector is experiencing a significant acceleration justified by the rapid need for the development of housing stock, wich is estimated at an average increase of 1,5% per year; furthermore, tant is an estimated increase of about 6,4%. In this sense, building constitutes an important potential source for rationalizing both energy consumption and… More >

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ARTICLE

Kittikorn Sasujit^1,*, Nigran Homdoung¹, Nakorn Tippayawong²
Energy Engineering, Vol.119, No.5, pp. 2149-2167, 2022, DOI:10.32604/ee.2022.022069
Abstract Biomass is becoming one of the most popular renewable energy sources, especially from agricultural wastes. These wastes can be gasified and utilized in various industries. This experimental study investigated producer gas generation from densified agricultural fuels such as corncobs, rice husks, wood chips, and oil palm fronds in a 50 kW_th throatless downdraft gasifier. This system produced combustible gases such as H₂, CO, and CH₄, which were utilized as a substitute for diesel fuel in a small diesel engine for power generation. The results showed that the gasifier performs successfully and seems to prefer pellets to briquettes. Producer gas contains 18%–20%… More >

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