Open Access

ARTICLE

A Bi-Level Capacity Configuration Model for Hybrid Energy Storage Considering SOC Self-Recovery

Fan Chen^*, Tianhui Zhang, Man Wang, Zhiheng Zhuang, Qiang Zhang, Zihan Ma

School of Electric Power Engineering, School of Shenguorong, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing, 211167, China

* Corresponding Author: Fan Chen. Email:

Energy Engineering 2025, 122(10), 4099-4120. https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2025.069346

Received 20 June 2025; Accepted 02 September 2025; Issue published 30 September 2025

Abstract

The configuration of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) plays a pivotal role in mitigating wind power fluctuations and enabling primary frequency regulation, thereby enhancing the active power support capability of wind power integration systems. However, most existing studies on HESS capacity configuration overlook the self-recovery control of the state of charge (SOC), creating challenges in sustaining capacity during long-term operation. This omission can impair frequency regulation performance, increase capacity requirements, and shorten battery lifespan. To address these challenges, this study proposes a bi-level planning–operation capacity configuration model that explicitly incorporates SOC self-recovery control. In the operation layer, a variable-baseline charging/discharging strategy is developed to restore SOC by balancing positive and negative energy over a 24-h period, with the goal of maximizing daily operational benefits. In the planning layer, the annualized net life-cycle cost of the HESS is minimized by configuring storage capacity based on feedback from the operation layer. The two layers operate iteratively to achieve coordinated optimization of capacity sizing and control strategy. Case study results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with a configuration without considering SOC self-recovery, the proposed approach reduces the 1-min wind power fluctuation rate to 3.53%, lowers the mean squared frequency error to 0.000084, and decreases the annualized net life-cycle cost by 545,000 CNY/MWh.

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Keywords

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