Negar Moradian1,2, Mahdi Gouravani1,2, Mohammad Amin Salehi1,2, Arash Heidari1,2, Melika Shafeghat1,2, Michael R. Hamblin3,4,5, Nima Rezaei1,2,6
European Cytokine Network, Vol.31, No.3, pp. 81-93, 2020, DOI:10.1684/ecn.2020.0451
Abstract Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) reached pandemic proportions at the beginning of 2020 and continues to be a worldwide concern. End organ damage and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the leading causes of death in severely or critically ill patients. The elevated cytokine levels in severe patients in comparison with mildly affected patients suggest that cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurs in the severe form of the disease. In this paper, the significant role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, and their mechanism of action in the CRS cascade is explained. Potential therapeutic approaches involving anti-IL-6 More >
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