Bhanu Talwar1,*, Puneet Thapar1, Tahani Alsubait2, Mai Alduailij3, Ateeq Ur Rehman4,*, Salil Bharany5
CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.88, No.2, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.080977
- 15 June 2026
Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) play a vital role in smart city Internet of Things (IoT) applications, including environmental monitoring, intelligent transportation, and infrastructure management. However, limited battery capacity, uneven energy consumption, and inefficient clustering and routing mechanisms significantly reduce network lifetime, reliability, and scalability, especially in large-scale IoT deployments. Traditional routing protocols often rely on single-objective optimization or static clustering strategies, which fail to maintain long-term energy balance and stable communication performance. To address these challenges, this paper proposes iPAFAR, a Pareto-based multi-objective clustering and routing framework designed for IoT-enabled WSNs. The proposed model formulates… More >