Woongkyu Park¹, Yeongyu Choi², Mahammad Shareef Mekala³, Gyu Sang Choi¹, Kook-Yeol Yoo¹, Ho-youl Jung^1,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.3, pp. 3965-3981, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.059966 - 06 March 2025

Abstract Designing fast and accurate neural networks is becoming essential in various vision tasks. Recently, the use of attention mechanisms has increased, aimed at enhancing the vision task performance by selectively focusing on relevant parts of the input. In this paper, we concentrate on squeeze-and-excitation (SE)-based channel attention, considering the trade-off between latency and accuracy. We propose a variation of the SE module, called squeeze-and-excitation with layer normalization (SELN), in which layer normalization (LN) replaces the sigmoid activation function. This approach reduces the vanishing gradient problem while enhancing feature diversity and discriminability of channel attention. In… More >

Ibrar Afzal¹, Noor ul Amin^1,*, Zulfiqar Ahmad^1,*, Abdulmohsen Algarni²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.1, pp. 1377-1399, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.057755 - 03 January 2025

Abstract The deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT) with smart sensors has facilitated the emergence of fog computing as an important technology for delivering services to smart environments such as campuses, smart cities, and smart transportation systems. Fog computing tackles a range of challenges, including processing, storage, bandwidth, latency, and reliability, by locally distributing secure information through end nodes. Consisting of endpoints, fog nodes, and back-end cloud infrastructure, it provides advanced capabilities beyond traditional cloud computing. In smart environments, particularly within smart city transportation systems, the abundance of devices and nodes poses significant challenges related… More >

Khawaja Tahir Mehmood^1,2,*, Shahid Atiq¹, Intisar Ali Sajjad³, Muhammad Majid Hussain⁴, Malik M. Abdul Basit²

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.141, No.2, pp. 1673-1708, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2024.053903 - 27 September 2024

Abstract Software-Defined Networking (SDN), with segregated data and control planes, provides faster data routing, stability, and enhanced quality metrics, such as throughput (T_h), maximum available bandwidth (B_d(max)), data transfer (D_Transfer), and reduction in end-to-end delay (D_(E-E)). This paper explores the critical work of deploying SDN in large­scale Data Center Networks (DCNs) to enhance its Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, using logically distributed control configurations. There is a noticeable increase in Delay_(E-E) when adopting SDN with a unified (single) control structure in big DCNs to handle Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests causing a reduction in network quality parameters (B_d(max), T_h, D_Transfer, D_(E-E),… More > Graphic Abstract

Yu Zhou¹, Yun Zhang¹, Guowei Li¹, Hang Yang¹, Wei Zhang¹, Ting Lyu², Yueqiang Xu^2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.2, pp. 1809-1829, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.050975 - 15 August 2024

Abstract In current research on task offloading and resource scheduling in vehicular networks, vehicles are commonly assumed to maintain constant speed or relatively stationary states, and the impact of speed variations on task offloading is often overlooked. It is frequently assumed that vehicles can be accurately modeled during actual motion processes. However, in vehicular dynamic environments, both the tasks generated by the vehicles and the vehicles’ surroundings are constantly changing, making it difficult to achieve real-time modeling for actual dynamic vehicular network scenarios. Taking into account the actual dynamic vehicular scenarios, this paper considers the real-time… More >

Wei Wu, Liang Yu, Liping Yang^*, Yadong Zhang, Peng Wang

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.1, pp. 587-603, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.052655 - 18 July 2024

Abstract As an open network architecture, Wireless Computing Power Networks (WCPN) pose new challenges for achieving efficient and secure resource management in networks, because of issues such as insecure communication channels and untrusted device terminals. Blockchain, as a shared, immutable distributed ledger, provides a secure resource management solution for WCPN. However, integrating blockchain into WCPN faces challenges like device heterogeneity, monitoring communication states, and dynamic network nature. Whereas Digital Twins (DT) can accurately maintain digital models of physical entities through real-time data updates and self-learning, enabling continuous optimization of WCPN, improving synchronization performance, ensuring real-time accuracy, More >

Guojun Wang^1,2, Qi Liu^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.78, No.3, pp. 4471-4488, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.047669 - 26 March 2024

Abstract With the rapid advancement in exploring perceptual interactions and digital twins, metaverse technology has emerged to transcend the constraints of space-time and reality, facilitating remote AI-based collaboration. In this dynamic metasystem environment, frequent information exchanges necessitate robust security measures, with Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) serving as the primary line of defense to ensure communication security. However, traditional AKA protocols fall short in meeting the low-latency requirements essential for synchronous interactions within the metaverse. To address this challenge and enable nearly latency-free interactions, a novel low-latency AKA protocol based on chaotic maps is proposed. This… More >

Tianzhe Jiao, Xiaoyue Feng, Chaopeng Guo, Dongqi Wang, Jie Song^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.76, No.3, pp. 3585-3603, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.040068 - 08 October 2023

Abstract Mobile-edge computing (MEC) is a promising technology for the fifth-generation (5G) and sixth-generation (6G) architectures, which provides resourceful computing capabilities for Internet of Things (IoT) devices, such as virtual reality, mobile devices, and smart cities. In general, these IoT applications always bring higher energy consumption than traditional applications, which are usually energy-constrained. To provide persistent energy, many references have studied the offloading problem to save energy consumption. However, the dynamic environment dramatically increases the optimization difficulty of the offloading decision. In this paper, we aim to minimize the energy consumption of the entire MEC system… More >

Wan Norsyafizan W. Muhamad¹, Kaharudin Dimyati², Muhammad Awais Javed³, Suzi Seroja Sarnin^1,*, Divine Senanu Ametefe¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.76, No.1, pp. 1291-1308, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.037214 - 08 June 2023

Abstract The tremendous advancement in distributed computing and Internet of Things (IoT) applications has resulted in the adoption of fog computing as today’s widely used framework complementing cloud computing. Thus, suitable and effective applications could be performed to satisfy the applications’ latency requirement. Resource allocation techniques are essential aspects of fog networks which prevent unbalanced load distribution. Effective resource management techniques can improve the quality of service metrics. Due to the limited and heterogeneous resources available within the fog infrastructure, the fog layer’s resources need to be optimised to efficiently manage and distribute them to different… More >

Hatem A. Alharbi¹, Barzan A. Yosuf², Mohammad Aldossary^3,*, Jaber Almutairi⁴

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.47, No.1, pp. 1299-1319, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.039367 - 26 May 2023

Abstract In this paper, the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is identified as a promising solution, which integrates with the cloud computing environment to provide remote health monitoring solutions and improve the quality of service (QoS) in the healthcare sector. However, problems with the present architectural models such as those related to energy consumption, service latency, execution cost, and resource usage, remain a major concern for adopting IoMT applications. To address these problems, this work presents a four-tier IoMT-edge-fog-cloud architecture along with an optimization model formulated using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP), with the objective of… More >

Samah Ibrahim AlShathri, Dina S. M. Hassan^*, Samia Allaoua Chelloug

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.75, No.1, pp. 1501-1526, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.035602 - 06 February 2023

Abstract Task offloading is a key strategy in Fog Computing (FC). The definition of resource-constrained devices no longer applies to sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) embedded system devices alone. Smart and mobile units can also be viewed as resource-constrained devices if the power, cloud applications, and data cloud are included in the set of required resources. In a cloud-fog-based architecture, a task instance running on an end device may need to be offloaded to a fog node to complete its execution. However, in a busy network, a second offloading decision is required when the fog… More >