Aadil Mushtaq Pandith¹, Manni Kumar², Naveen Kumar³, Nitin Goyal^4,*, Sachin Ahuja², Yonis Gulzar⁵, Rashi Rastogi⁶, Rupesh Gupta⁷

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.83, No.1, pp. 259-279, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.062608 - 26 March 2025

Abstract Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) rely on data aggregation to streamline routing operations by merging information at intermediate nodes before transmitting it to the sink. However, many existing data aggregation techniques are designed exclusively for static networks and fail to reflect the dynamic nature of underwater environments. Additionally, conventional multi-hop data gathering techniques often lead to energy depletion problems near the sink, commonly known as the energy hole issue. Moreover, cluster-based aggregation methods face significant challenges such as cluster head (CH) failures and collisions within clusters that degrade overall network performance. To address these limitations,… More >

Adisa Hasković Džubur^*, Samir Čaušević, Belma Memić, Muhamed Begović, Elma Avdagić-Golub, Alem Čolaković

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.1, pp. 1059-1084, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.055386 - 15 October 2024

Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by heterogeneous traffic types (audio, video, data) and diverse application traffic requirements. This paper introduces three traffic classes following the defined model of heterogeneous traffic differentiation in WSNs. The requirements for each class regarding sensitivity to QoS (Quality of Service) parameters, such as loss, delay, and jitter, are described. These classes encompass real-time and delay-tolerant traffic. Given that QoS evaluation is a multi-criteria decision-making problem, we employed the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method for multi-criteria optimization. As a result of this approach, we derived weight values for different traffic… More >

Wen-Tsai Sung¹, Indra Griha Tofik Isa^1,2, Sung-Jung Hsiao^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.3, pp. 3733-3759, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.053634 - 12 September 2024

Abstract Mango fruit is one of the main fruit commodities that contributes to Taiwan’s income. The implementation of technology is an alternative to increasing the quality and quantity of mango plantation product productivity. In this study, a Wireless Sensor Networks (“WSNs”)-based intelligent mango plantation monitoring system will be developed that implements deep reinforcement learning (DRL) technology in carrying out prediction tasks based on three classifications: “optimal,” “sub-optimal,” or “not-optimal” conditions based on three parameters including humidity, temperature, and soil moisture. The key idea is how to provide a precise decision-making mechanism in the real-time monitoring system.… More >

Hina Gul¹, Sana Ullah¹, Ki-Il Kim^2,*, Farman Ali³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.2, pp. 1831-1850, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.052841 - 15 August 2024

Abstract The seamless integration of intelligent Internet of Things devices with conventional wireless sensor networks has revolutionized data communication for different applications, such as remote health monitoring, industrial monitoring, transportation, and smart agriculture. Efficient and reliable data routing is one of the major challenges in the Internet of Things network due to the heterogeneity of nodes. This paper presents a traffic-aware, cluster-based, and energy-efficient routing protocol that employs traffic-aware and cluster-based techniques to improve the data delivery in such networks. The proposed protocol divides the network into clusters where optimal cluster heads are selected among super… More >

Qussai M. Yaseen^1,2,*, Monther Aldwairi^2,3, Ahmad Manasrah^4,5

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.2, pp. 1867-1888, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.051179 - 15 August 2024

Abstract Enhancing the security of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) improves the usability of their applications. Therefore, finding solutions to various attacks, such as the blackhole attack, is crucial for the success of WSN applications. This paper proposes an enhanced version of the AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) protocol capable of detecting blackholes and malfunctioning benign nodes in WSNs, thereby avoiding them when delivering packets. The proposed version employs a network-based reputation system to select the best and most secure path to a destination. To achieve this goal, the proposed version utilizes the Watchdogs/Pathrater mechanisms in… More >

Ibraheem Al-Hejri¹, Farag Azzedin^1,*, Sultan Almuhammadi¹, Naeem Firdous Syed²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.79, No.3, pp. 4197-4218, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.047117 - 20 June 2024

Abstract The use of the Internet of Things (IoT) is expanding at an unprecedented scale in many critical applications due to the ability to interconnect and utilize a plethora of wide range of devices. In critical infrastructure domains like oil and gas supply, intelligent transportation, power grids, and autonomous agriculture, it is essential to guarantee the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data collected and exchanged. However, the limited resources coupled with the heterogeneity of IoT devices make it inefficient or sometimes infeasible to achieve secure data transmission using traditional cryptographic techniques. Consequently, designing a lightweight secure More >

Muhammad Salman Qamar^1,*, Ihsan ul Haq¹, Amil Daraz², Atif M. Alamri³, Salman A. AlQahtani⁴, Muhammad Fahad Munir¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.79, No.2, pp. 2945-2970, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.050168 - 15 May 2024

Abstract In pursuit of enhancing the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) energy efficiency and operational lifespan, this paper delves into the domain of energy-efficient routing protocols. In WSNs, the limited energy resources of Sensor Nodes (SNs) are a big challenge for ensuring their efficient and reliable operation. WSN data gathering involves the utilization of a mobile sink (MS) to mitigate the energy consumption problem through periodic network traversal. The mobile sink (MS) strategy minimizes energy consumption and latency by visiting the fewest nodes or pre-determined locations called rendezvous points (RPs) instead of all cluster heads (CHs). CHs… More >

Waleed Aldosari^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.75, No.1, pp. 1253-1269, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.036111 - 06 February 2023

Abstract This paper presents a machine-learning method for detecting jamming UAVs and classifying nodes during jamming attacks on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Jamming is a type of Denial of Service (DoS) attack and intentional interference where a malicious node transmits a high-power signal to increase noise on the receiver side to disrupt the communication channel and reduce performance significantly. To defend and prevent such attacks, the first step is to detect them. The current detection approaches use centralized techniques to detect jamming, where each node collects information and forwards it to the base station. As a… More >

Vinod Kumar Menaria¹, Anand Nayyar², Sandeep Kumar³, Ketan Kotecha^4,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.74, No.1, pp. 1199-1216, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.032162 - 22 September 2022

Abstract In today’s information technology (IT) world, the multi-hop wireless sensor networks (MHWSNs) are considered the building block for the Internet of Things (IoT) enabled communication systems for controlling everyday tasks of organizations and industry to provide quality of service (QoS) in a stipulated time slot to end-user over the Internet. Smart city (SC) is an example of one such application which can automate a group of civil services like automatic control of traffic lights, weather prediction, surveillance, etc., in our daily life. These IoT-based networks with multi-hop communication and multiple sink nodes provide efficient communication… More >

I. Vallirathi^1,*, S. Ebenezer Juliet²

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.44, No.3, pp. 2349-2360, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.024864 - 01 August 2022

Abstract Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) is an infrastructure-less wireless network deployed in an increasing number of wireless sensors in an ad-hoc manner. As the sensor nodes could be powered using batteries, the development of WSN energy constraints is considered to be a key issue. In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), wireless mobile chargers (MCs) conquer such issues mainly, energy shortages. The proposed work is to produce an energy-efficient recharge method for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Network (WRSN), which results in a longer lifespan of the network by reducing charging delay and maintaining the residual energy of the sensor. In… More >