Shaoping Xiao^1,*, Zhaoan Wang¹, Junchao Li², Caden Noeller¹, Jiefeng Jiang³, Jun Wang⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.2, pp. 1-62, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.072146 - 09 December 2025

Abstract The integration of human factors into artificial intelligence (AI) systems has emerged as a critical research frontier, particularly in reinforcement learning (RL), where human-AI interaction (HAII) presents both opportunities and challenges. As RL continues to demonstrate remarkable success in model-free and partially observable environments, its real-world deployment increasingly requires effective collaboration with human operators and stakeholders. This article systematically examines HAII techniques in RL through both theoretical analysis and practical case studies. We establish a conceptual framework built upon three fundamental pillars of effective human-AI collaboration: computational trust modeling, system usability, and decision understandability. Our… More >

Qiong Yang¹, Li Ma^1,2,*, Sami Ullah³, Shanshan Tu¹, Hisham Alasmary⁴, Muhammad Waqas^5,6

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.3, pp. 4821-4839, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.059497 - 06 March 2025

Abstract Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), as the standard inter-domain routing protocol, is a distance-vector dynamic routing protocol used for exchanging routing information between distributed Autonomous Systems (AS). BGP nodes, communicating in a distributed dynamic environment, face several security challenges, with trust being one of the most important issues in inter-domain routing. Existing research, which performs trust evaluation when exchanging routing information to suppress malicious routing behavior, cannot meet the scalability requirements of BGP nodes. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based trust model for inter-domain routing. Our model achieves scalability by allowing the master node of… More >

Borja Bordel Sánchez^1,*, Ramón Alcarria², Tomás Robles¹

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.141, No.1, pp. 631-654, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2024.050349 - 20 August 2024

Abstract Future 6G communications are envisioned to enable a large catalogue of pioneering applications. These will range from networked Cyber-Physical Systems to edge computing devices, establishing real-time feedback control loops critical for managing Industry 5.0 deployments, digital agriculture systems, and essential infrastructures. The provision of extensive machine-type communications through 6G will render many of these innovative systems autonomous and unsupervised. While full automation will enhance industrial efficiency significantly, it concurrently introduces new cyber risks and vulnerabilities. In particular, unattended systems are highly susceptible to trust issues: malicious nodes and false information can be easily introduced into… More >

Qiong Yang¹, Li Ma^1,2,*, Shanshan Tu¹, Sami Ullah³, Muhammad Waqas^4,5, Hisham Alasmary⁶

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.79, No.2, pp. 2035-2062, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.049970 - 15 May 2024

Abstract Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is a standard inter-domain routing protocol for the Internet that conveys network layer reachability information and establishes routes to different destinations. The BGP protocol exhibits security design defects, such as an unconditional trust mechanism and the default acceptance of BGP route announcements from peers by BGP neighboring nodes, easily triggering prefix hijacking, path forgery, route leakage, and other BGP security threats. Meanwhile, the traditional BGP security mechanism, relying on a public key infrastructure, faces issues like a single point of failure and a single point of trust. The decentralization, anti-tampering, and More >

Jiwon Jeon, Junho Kim, Mincheol Shin, Mucheol Kim^*

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.46, No.3, pp. 3403-3421, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.036658 - 03 April 2023

Abstract The development of information technology allows the collaborative business process to be run across multiple enterprises in a larger market environment. However, while collaborative business expands the realm of businesses, it also causes various hazards in collaborative Interaction, such as data falsification, inconstancy, and misuse. To solve these issues, a blockchain-based collaborative business modeling approach was proposed and analyzed. However, the existing studies lack the blockchain risk problem-solving specification, and there is no verification technique to examine the process. Consequently, it is difficult to confirm the appropriateness of the approach. Thus, here, we propose and… More >

Pankaj Kumar Sharma^1,*, Uma Shankar Modani²

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.45, No.2, pp. 1935-1951, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.031509 - 03 November 2022

Abstract The mobile transient and sensor network’s routing algorithm detects available multi-hop paths between source and destination nodes. However, some methods are not as reliable or trustworthy as expected. Therefore, finding a reliable method is an important factor in improving communication security. For further enhancement of protected communication, we suggest a trust cluster based secure routing (TCSR) framework for wireless sensor network (WSN) using optimization algorithms. First, we introduce an efficient cluster formation using a modified tug of war optimization (MTWO) algorithm, which provides load-balanced clusters for energy-efficient data transmission. Second, we illustrate the optimal head… More >

Yao Wang¹, Yubo Wang¹, Zhenhu Ning^1,*, Sadaqat ur Rehman², Muhammad Waqas^1,3

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.36, No.1, pp. 981-996, 2023, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2023.030091 - 29 September 2022

Abstract Smart city refers to the information system with Internet of things and cloud computing as the core technology and government management and industrial development as the core content, forming a large-scale, heterogeneous and dynamic distributed Internet of things environment between different Internet of things. There is a wide demand for cooperation between equipment and management institutions in the smart city. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a trust mechanism to promote cooperation, and based on this, prevent data disorder caused by the interaction between honest terminals and malicious terminals. However, most of the existing research… More >

Lei Yan¹, Maode Ma², Dandan Li¹, Xiaohong Huang^1,*, Yan Ma¹, Kun Xie¹

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.134, No.3, pp. 2137-2162, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2022.022462 - 20 September 2022

Abstract The low-intensity attack flows used by Crossfire attacks are hard to distinguish from legitimate flows. Traditional methods to identify the malicious flows in Crossfire attacks are rerouting, which is based on statistics. In these existing mechanisms, the identification of malicious flows depends on the IP address. However, the IP address is easy to be changed by attacks. Compared with the IP address, the certificate is more challenging to be tampered with or forged. Moreover, the traffic trend in the network is towards encryption. The certificates are popularly utilized by IoT devices for authentication in encryption… More > Graphic Abstract

Feslin Anish Mon Solomon^1,*, Godfrey Winster Sathianesan², R. Ramesh³

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.44, No.2, pp. 1125-1142, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.024292 - 15 June 2022

Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) is a popular social network in which devices are virtually connected for communicating and sharing information. This is applied greatly in business enterprises and government sectors for delivering the services to their customers, clients and citizens. But, the interaction is successful only based on the trust that each device has on another. Thus trust is very much essential for a social network. As Internet of Things have access over sensitive information, it urges to many threats that lead data management to risk. This issue is addressed by trust management that help… More >

Aakib Jawed Khan^*, Shabana Mehfuz

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.44, No.1, pp. 113-128, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.023378 - 01 June 2022

Abstract Cloud computing belongs to a set of policies, protocols, technologies through which one can access shared resources such as storage, applications, networks, and services at relatively low cost. Despite the tremendous advantages of cloud computing, one big threat which must be taken care of is data security in the cloud. There are a dozen of threats that we are being exposed to while availing cloud services. Insufficient identity and access management, insecure interfaces and Applications interfaces (APIs), hijacking, advanced persistent threats, data threats, and many more are certain security issues with the cloud platform. APIs… More >