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Open Access

ARTICLE

An Improved PID Controller Based on Artificial Neural Networks for Cathodic Protection of Steel in Chlorinated Media

José Arturo Ramírez-Fernández1, Henevith G. Méndez-Figueroa1, Sebastián Ossandón2,*, Ricardo Galván-Martínez3, Miguel Ángel Hernández-Pérez3, Ricardo Orozco-Cruz3
1 Centro de Investigación en Micro y Nanotecnología, Universidad Veracruzana, Bv. Adolfo Ruíz Cortines 455, Costa Verde, Boca del Río, Veracruz, 94294, Mexico
2 Instituto de Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Blanco Viel 596, Cerro Barón, Valparaíso, 2340000, Chile
3 Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Juan Pablo II S/N, Costa Verde, Boca del Río, Veracruz, 94294, Mexico
* Corresponding Author: Sebastián Ossandón. Email: email
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Applications of Neural Networks in Materials)

Computers, Materials & Continua https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.072707

Received 02 September 2025; Accepted 18 November 2025; Published online 11 December 2025

Abstract

In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were implemented to determine design parameters for an impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) prototype. An ASTM A36 steel plate was tested in 3.5% NaCl solution, seawater, and NS4 using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor the evolution of the substrate surface, which affects the current required to reach the protection potential (). Experimental data were collected as training datasets and analyzed using statistical methods, including box plots and correlation matrices. Subsequently, ANNs were applied to predict the current demand at different exposure times, enabling the estimation of electrochemical parameters (limiting voltage values) that can be used to optimize a self-regulating ICCP system. The obtained electrochemical parameters were then used, through Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), to fine-tune an ANN-based proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for the ICCP system.

Keywords

Artificial neural networks (ANNs); corrosion; impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP); proportional integral derivative (PID) corrosion control; particle swarm optimization (PSO); statistical analysis

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