Open Access
ARTICLE
Isam Bahaa Aldallal1, Saadaldeen Rashid Ahmed2,3, Abdullahi Abdu Ibrahim1, Oguz Bayat4, Abu Saleh Musa Miah5, Fahmid Al Farid6,7,*, Md. Hezerul Abdul Karim6,*
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Altinbas University, Istanbul, Türkiye
2 Artificial Intelligence Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar, Iraq
3 Computer Science, Bayan University, Erbil, Kurdistan, Iraq
4 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Türkiye
5 Computer Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
6 Faculty of Computer Science and Informatics, Berlin School of Business and Innovation, Karl-Marx-Straße 97–99, Berlin, Germany
7 Centre for Image and Vision Computing (CIVC), COE for Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence and Engineering (FAIE), Multimedia University, Cyberjaya, Selangor, Malaysia
* Corresponding Author: Fahmid Al Farid. Email: ; Md. Hezerul Abdul Karim. Email:
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Intelligent IoT for Smart Cities and Sustainable Energy Systems)
Computers, Materials & Continua https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.078742
Received 07 January 2026; Accepted 09 April 2026; Published online 29 May 2026
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