Open Access

REVIEW

An Overview of LoRa Localization Technologies

Huajiang Ruan^1,2, Panjun Sun^1,2, Yuanyuan Dong^1,2, Hamid Tahaei¹, Zhaoxi Fang^1,2,*

1 Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China

* Corresponding Author: Zhaoxi Fang. Email:

Computers, Materials & Continua 2025, 82(2), 1645-1680. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2024.059746

Received 16 October 2024; Accepted 04 December 2024; Issue published 17 February 2025

Abstract

Traditional Global Positioning System (GPS) technology, with its high power consumption and limited performance in obstructed environments, is unsuitable for many Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This paper explores LoRa as an alternative localization technology, leveraging its low power consumption, robust indoor penetration, and extensive coverage area, which render it highly suitable for diverse IoT settings. We comprehensively review several LoRa-based localization techniques, including time of arrival (ToA), time difference of arrival (TDoA), round trip time (RTT), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), and fingerprinting methods. Through this review, we evaluate the strengths and limitations of each technique and investigate hybrid models to potentially improve positioning accuracy. Case studies in smart cities, agriculture, and logistics exemplify the versatility of LoRa for indoor and outdoor applications. Our findings demonstrate that LoRa technology not only overcomes the limitations of GPS regarding power consumption and coverage but also enhances the scalability and efficiency of IoT deployments in complex environments.

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Keywords

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