Open Access

ARTICLE

Division in Unity: Towards Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Learning of Healthcare Data

Panyu Liu¹, Tongqing Zhou^1,*, Guofeng Lu², Huaizhe Zhou³, Zhiping Cai¹

1 College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
2 921 Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, People’s Liberation Army of China, Changsha, 410073, China
3 Test Center, National University of Defense Technology, Xi’an, 710018, China

* Corresponding Author: Tongqing Zhou. Email:

Computers, Materials & Continua 2025, 85(2), 2913-2934. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.069175

Received 16 June 2025; Accepted 19 August 2025; Issue published 23 September 2025

Abstract

The isolation of healthcare data among worldwide hospitals and institutes forms barriers for fully realizing the data-hungry artificial intelligence (AI) models promises in renewing medical services. To overcome this, privacy-preserving distributed learning frameworks, represented by swarm learning and federated learning, have been investigated recently with the sensitive healthcare data retaining in its local premises. However, existing frameworks use a one-size-fits-all mode that tunes one model for all healthcare situations, which could hardly fit the usually diverse disease prediction in practice. This work introduces the idea of ensemble learning into privacy-preserving distributed learning and presents the En-split framework, where the predictions of multiple expert models with specialized diagnostic capabilities are jointly explored. Considering the exacerbation of communication and computation burdens with multiple models during learning, model split is used to partition targeted models into two parts, with hospitals focusing on building the feature-enriched shallow layers. Meanwhile, dedicated noises are implemented to the edge layers for differential privacy protection. Experiments on two public datasets demonstrate En-split’s superior performance on accuracy and efficiency, compared with existing distributed learning frameworks.

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Keywords

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