Open Access

ARTICLE

Family as the first school: How do parenting and family adjustment shape toddler socioemotional development?

Jiaqi Lu¹, Fang Wang^2,*

1 College of Preschool Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
2 Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China

* Corresponding Author: Fang Wang. Email:

Journal of Psychology in Africa 2025, 35(5), 651-659. https://doi.org/10.32604/jpa.2025.066088

Received 29 March 2025; Accepted 13 August 2025; Issue published 24 October 2025

Abstract

This study explores parenting and family adjustment profile effects on toddler socioemotional competence by the underlying mechanisms of effortful control. Participants were Chinese parent caregivers (N = 448) of 448 toddlers aged 15–36 months. They completed measures of parenting and family adjustment, toddler socioemotional competence, and effortful control. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified three family profiles—Strict-Detached, Constrained-Collaborative, and Harmonious-Aligned. These three profiles of parenting and family adjustment directly affect toddler socioemotional competence through variations in emotional support, discipline strategies, and parent–child interactions. Effortful control mediates this relationship of parenting and family adjustment and toddler socioemotional competence, with toddlers from Strict-Detached families at higher risk for socioemotional problems associated with lower effortful control. The harmoniously aligned family profile is associated with healthier development via higher effortful control. The research adds to the developmental understanding of how parenting and family dynamics affect toddler development by identifying effortful control as a key pathway. Based on these findings, parent caregiver profiles should be part of intervention designs aimed to enhance toddlers’ effortful control for healthy development.

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Keywords

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