Open Access

REVIEW

3D Printed Hydrogels for Soft Robotic Applications

Kunlin Wu, Jingcheng Xiao, Junwei Li, Yifan Wang^*

School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

* Corresponding Author: Yifan Wang. Email:

Journal of Polymer Materials 2025, 42(2), 277-305. https://doi.org/10.32604/jpm.2025.065269

Received 08 March 2025; Accepted 23 June 2025; Issue published 14 July 2025

Abstract

The integration of 3D-printed hydrogels in soft robotics enables the creation of flexible, adaptable, and biocompatible systems. Hydrogels, with their high-water content and responsiveness to stimuli, are suitable for actuators, sensors, and robotic systems that require safe interaction and precise manipulation. Unlike traditional techniques, 3D printing offers enhanced capabilities in tailoring structural complexity, resolution, and integrated functionality, enabling the direct fabrication of hydrogel systems with programmed mechanical and functional properties. In this perspective, we explore the evolving role of 3D-printed hydrogels in soft robotics, covering their material composition, fabrication techniques, and diverse applications. We highlight advancements in hydrogel-based actuators, sensors, and robots, emphasizing their ability to perform intricate motions. In addition, we discuss challenges like mechanical robustness, scalability, and integration as well as the potential of hydrogels in soft robotics and explore future directions for their development.

---

Keywords

---