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  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    A Review: Sources, Preparation and Application of Nanocellulose

    Haoquan Xue1, Yujie Zhang1, Zhuang Zhao1, Haoran Gao1, Wanlin Bao1, Jiaxuan Li2, Zhiheng Zhang2, Qi Wang1, Qiang He1,*

    Journal of Polymer Materials, Vol.42, No.2, pp. 379-409, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jpm.2025.066695 - 14 July 2025

    Abstract Nanocellulose, derived from abundant lignocellulosic biomass, has emerged as a transformative material with unparalleled versatility across industries. This review systematically analyzes its sources, extraction methods, and multidimensional applications. Key findings include: (1) Plant fiber hierarchy dictates nanocellulose properties, with wood-derived cellulose offering high crystallinity and agricultural waste enabling cost-effective production. (2) Acid hydrolysis remains dominant for cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), while mechanical methods yield high-aspect-ratio cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs). (3) Nanocellulose’s mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry drive innovations in energy storage (e.g., supercapacitors), biosensors (e.g., glucose monitoring), and biomedical engineering (e.g., 3D-printed scaffolds). Challenges in More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Synergistic Effect of Silicone Macromolecular Charring Agent and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Improving Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene-Butyl Acrylate Copolymer Composites

    Xuan Huo1, Bingchen Wu1, Yuanmeng Lou1, Junlin Zhu1, Cui Li1, Lili Ma1, Ye-Tang Pan2, Chuncheng Hao1,*, Xin Wen1,*

    Journal of Polymer Materials, Vol.42, No.2, pp. 517-530, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jpm.2025.065320 - 14 July 2025

    Abstract Power cables are important pieces of equipment for energy transmission, but achieving a good balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties of cable sheaths remains a challenge. In this work, a novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system containing silicone-containing macromolecular charring agent (Si-MCA) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was designed to synergistically improve the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer (EBA) composites. The optimal mass ratio of APP/Si-MCA was 3/1 in EBA composites (EBA/APP-Si-31), corresponding to the best flame retardancy with 31.2% of limited oxygen index (LOI), V-0 rating in UL-94 vertical burning More > Graphic Abstract

    Synergistic Effect of Silicone Macromolecular Charring Agent and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Improving Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Ethylene-Butyl Acrylate Copolymer Composites

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    3D Printed Hydrogels for Soft Robotic Applications

    Kunlin Wu, Jingcheng Xiao, Junwei Li, Yifan Wang*

    Journal of Polymer Materials, Vol.42, No.2, pp. 277-305, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jpm.2025.065269 - 14 July 2025

    Abstract The integration of 3D-printed hydrogels in soft robotics enables the creation of flexible, adaptable, and biocompatible systems. Hydrogels, with their high-water content and responsiveness to stimuli, are suitable for actuators, sensors, and robotic systems that require safe interaction and precise manipulation. Unlike traditional techniques, 3D printing offers enhanced capabilities in tailoring structural complexity, resolution, and integrated functionality, enabling the direct fabrication of hydrogel systems with programmed mechanical and functional properties. In this perspective, we explore the evolving role of 3D-printed hydrogels in soft robotics, covering their material composition, fabrication techniques, and diverse applications. We highlight More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Improvement of Surface Electrical Properties of Silicone Rubber Based on Fluorination

    Hanbo Zheng, Yue Peng, Enpeng Qin, Yi Li*

    Journal of Polymer Materials, Vol.42, No.2, pp. 549-568, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jpm.2025.064866 - 14 July 2025

    Abstract Fluorination is a critical surface modification technique for enhancing the electrical performance of composite insulators. This study employs molecular simulations to examine the microstructure and space charge behavior of fluorinated and non-fluorinated silicone rubber under an electric field, with experimental validation. The results show that fluorinated silicone rubber exhibits lower total energy, higher polarization, and stronger dipole moments compared to its non-fluorinated counterpart, shifting the material from an insulating to a conductive state. Under lower electric field strengths, the carbon-silicon bonds in fluorinated silicone rubber are longer, but it maintains geometric stability under higher fields.… More > Graphic Abstract

    Improvement of Surface Electrical Properties of Silicone Rubber Based on Fluorination

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Mechanical Properties and Fracture Behavior of 3D Printed Continuous Glass Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composite

    Haoliang Ding1,2, Han Yu2, Yunfeng Zhao2, Chunze Yan1, Yusheng Shi1,*, Binling Chen3,*

    Journal of Polymer Materials, Vol.42, No.2, pp. 497-516, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jpm.2025.063324 - 14 July 2025

    Abstract Polyether ether ketone (PEEK)-based continuous glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite offers advantages such as high strength, electrical insulation, and heat insulation. Parts manufactured using this composite and 3D printing have promising applications in aerospace, automobile, rail transit, etc. In this paper, a high-temperature melt impregnation method was used to successfully prepare the 3D printing prepreg filaments of the aforementioned composite. In the FDM 3D printing equipment, a nozzle of high thermal conductivity and wear-resistant copper alloy and a PEEK-based carbon fiber thermoplastic composite build plate with uniform temperature control were innovatively introduced to effectively improve… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Shape Memory Properties of Short-Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite Programmed below Glass Transition Temperature

    Kartikey Shahi, Velmurugan Ramachandran*, Ranjith Mohan, Boomurugan Ramachandran

    Journal of Polymer Materials, Vol.42, No.2, pp. 477-496, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jpm.2025.062481 - 14 July 2025

    Abstract A Shape Memory Polymer Composite (SMPC) is developed by reinforcing an epoxy-based polymer with randomly oriented short glass fibers. Diverging from previous research, which primarily focused on the hot programming of short glass fiber-based SMPCs, this work explores the potential for programming below the glass transition temperature (Tg) for epoxy-based SMPCs. To mitigate the inherent brittleness of the SMPC during deformation, a linear polymer is incorporated, and a temperature between room temperature and Tg is chosen as the deformation temperature to study the shape memory properties. The findings demonstrate an enhancement in shape fixity and More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Conjugated Polymer Hydrogel: A Highly Efficient Material of Solar Water Purification

    Hanyi Zou1,2,#, Xinye Xu1,3,#, Mutian Yao1, Baoyang Lu1,*

    Journal of Polymer Materials, Vol.42, No.2, pp. 339-358, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jpm.2024.057955 - 14 July 2025

    Abstract The global scarcity of clean water is an escalating issue due to climate change, population growth, and pollution. Traditional water purification technologies, while effective, often require significant energy input and complex infrastructure, limiting their accessibility. This review explores the use of conjugated polymer hydrogels as a promising solution for solar water purification. Conjugated polymer hydrogels offer unique advantages, including high photothermal conversion efficiency, effective heat management, and rapid water transport, which are crucial for efficient solar-driven water evaporation. By leveraging the properties of these hydrogels, it is possible to significantly reduce the energy required for More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Vegetation Cover Change and Its Driving Factors in the Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration in the Past 20 Years

    Wuyi Zhu1, Meng Zou1, Wenji Liu1, Linlin Cui2,*

    Revue Internationale de Géomatique, Vol.34, pp. 363-377, 2025, DOI:10.32604/rig.2025.065708 - 14 July 2025

    Abstract Exploring the spatiotemporal changes in Fractional Vegetation Coverage (FVC) helps to more accurately understand the quality of the ecological environment, which is of great significance for regional ecological protection and sustainable economic development. The study takes the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration as the research area, analyzes the characteristics and trends of vegetation cover changes from 2000 to 2020 using the Google Earth Engine cloud platform, and explores its driving factors based on the enhanced regression tree model. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the annual FVC of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration showed a… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Ethical Implications of AI-Driven Ethical Hacking: A Systematic Review and Governance Framework

    Hossana Maghiri Sufficient*, Abdulazeez Murtala Mohammed, Bashir Danjuma

    Journal of Cyber Security, Vol.7, pp. 239-253, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jcs.2025.066312 - 14 July 2025

    Abstract The rapid integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into ethical hacking practices has transformed vulnerability discovery and threat mitigation; however, it raises pressing ethical questions regarding responsibility, justice, and privacy. This paper presents a PRISMA-guided systematic review of twelve peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and March 2024, supplemented by Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis, to map four core challenges: (1) autonomy and human oversight, (2) algorithmic bias and mitigation strategies, (3) data privacy preservation mechanisms, and (4) limitations of General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the European Union’s AI Act in addressing AI-specific risks, alongside the… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Multi-Stage Game-Theoretical Decision Analysis of Enterprise Information Security Outsourcing Based on Moral Hazard

    Qiang Xiong*, Jianlong Zhang, Qianwen Song

    Journal of Cyber Security, Vol.7, pp. 255-277, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jcs.2025.065625 - 14 July 2025

    Abstract In the domain of information security outsourcing, the multi-stage game-theoretic decision-making process, intertwined with moral hazard and dynamic strategy adjustments, significantly impacts the long-term collaboration between the principal (outsourcing enterprise) and the contractor (Managed Security Service Provider—MSSP). This paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of these aspects within information security outsourcing partnerships. A multi-stage game model incorporating moral hazard is constructed to meticulously examine the strategic behaviors and expected revenue fluctuations of both parties across different cooperation stages. Through in-depth model derivation, the impacts of service fees, cooperation-stage progression, and long-term cooperation on expected revenues are… More >

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