Md. Al-Hasan¹, Mst. Rubina Aktar², Fahmid Al Farid^3,4,*, Md. Shamim Anower⁵, Abu Saleh Musa Miah^1,6, Md. Hezerul Abdul Karim^4,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.87, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.071280 - 10 February 2026

Abstract The rapid growth in available network bandwidth has directly contributed to an exponential increase in mobile data traffic, creating significant challenges for network energy consumption. Also, with the extraordinary growth of mobile communications, the data traffic has dramatically expanded, which has led to massive grid power consumption and incurred high operating expenditure (OPEX). However, the majority of current network designs struggle to efficiently manage a massive amount of data using little power, which degrades energy efficiency performance. Thereby, it is necessary to have an efficient mechanism to reduce power consumption when processing large amounts of… More >

Raghavendra Kulkarni¹, Venkata Satya Suresh kumar Kondeti¹, Binu Sudhakaran Pillai², Surendran Rajendran^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.1, pp. 1-23, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.069835 - 10 November 2025

Abstract The next-generation RAN, known as Open Radio Access Network (ORAN), allows for several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, network flexibility, and interoperability. Now ORAN applications, utilising machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, have become standard practice. The need for Federated Learning (FL) for ML model training in ORAN environments is heightened by the modularised structure of the ORAN architecture and the shortcomings of conventional ML techniques. However, the traditional plaintext model update sharing of FL in multi-BS contexts is susceptible to privacy violations such as deep-leakage gradient assaults and inference. Therefore, this research presents a… More >

Adeel Rafiq, Muhammad Afaq, Khizar Abbas, Wang-Cheol Song^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.69, No.1, pp. 627-645, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.016529 - 04 June 2021

Abstract The installation of small cells in a 5G network extends the maximum coverage and provides high availability. However, this approach increases the handover overhead in the Core Network (CN) due to frequent handoffs. The variation of user density and movement inside a region of small cells also increases the handover overhead in CN. However, the present 5G system cannot reduce the handover overhead in CN under such circumstances because it relies on a traditionally rigid and complex hierarchical sequence for a handover procedure. Recently, Not Only Stack (NO Stack) architecture has been introduced for Radio… More >