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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A Dynamic Deceptive Defense Framework for Zero-Day Attacks in IIoT: Integrating Stackelberg Game and Multi-Agent Distributed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient

    Shigen Shen1,2, Xiaojun Ji1,*, Yimeng Liu1

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.85, No.2, pp. 3997-4021, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.069332 - 23 September 2025

    Abstract The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated cyber threats, particularly zero-day attacks that exploit unknown vulnerabilities and evade traditional security measures. To address this critical challenge, this paper proposes a dynamic defense framework named Zero-day-aware Stackelberg Game-based Multi-Agent Distributed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (ZSG-MAD3PG). The framework integrates Stackelberg game modeling with the Multi-Agent Distributed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MAD3PG) algorithm and incorporates defensive deception (DD) strategies to achieve adaptive and efficient protection. While conventional methods typically incur considerable resource overhead and exhibit higher latency due to static or rigid defensive mechanisms,… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    An Asset-Based Approach to Mitigate Zero-Day Ransomware Attacks

    Farag Azzedin*, Husam Suwad, Md Mahfuzur Rahman

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.2, pp. 3003-3020, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.028646 - 16 June 2022

    Abstract This article presents an asset-based security system where security practitioners build their systems based on information they own and not solicited by observing attackers’ behavior. Current security solutions rely on information coming from attackers. Examples are current monitoring and detection security solutions such as intrusion prevention/detection systems and firewalls. This article envisions creating an imbalance between attackers and defenders in favor of defenders. As such, we are proposing to flip the security game such that it will be led by defenders and not attackers. We are proposing a security system that does not observe the… More >

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