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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Numerical Investigation on Air Distribution of Cabinet with Backplane Air Conditioning in Data Center

    Yiming Rongyang1, Chengyu Ji1, Xiangdong Ding2,*, Jun Gao1, Jianjian Wei2,3

    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 685-701, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.063785 - 25 April 2025

    Abstract The effect of gradient exhaust strategy and blind plate installation on the inhibition of backflow and thermal stratification in data center cabinets is systematically investigated in this study through numerical methods. The validated Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model was used to analyze airflow patterns within cabinet structures equipped with backplane air conditioning. Key findings reveal that server-generated thermal plumes induce hot air accumulation at the cabinet apex, creating a 0.8°C temperature elevation at the top server’s inlet compared to the ideal situation (23°C). Strategic increases in backplane fan exhaust airflow rates reduce server 1’s inlet… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Enhancement of Thermal Performance of Counter Flow Double Pipe Heat Exchanger by Inserting Wavy-Edged Tape

    Zainab Mahdi Saleh1,*, Riyadh S. Al-Turaihi1, Zena Khalefa Kadhim2

    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 615-650, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.063404 - 25 April 2025

    Abstract This study involved numerical simulations of a double tube heat exchanger using the ANSYS FLUENT program version 22. The study aims to examine methods for minimizing pressure loss and consequently enhancing the thermal performance index (TPI) of a heat exchanger fitted with wavy edge tape that is a heat recovery system (the hot air in simulation instead of t heat from the exhaust gases of the brick factory furnaces and return it to warm the heavy fuel oil by substituting the electrical heater with a heat exchanger to recuperate waste heat from the flue gases,… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Heat Transfer and Flow Dynamics of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid over a Permeable Disk under Magnetic Field and Joule Heating Effects

    Umi Nadrah Hussein1, Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie1,*, Norihan Md Arifin2, Ioan Pop3

    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 383-395, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.063023 - 25 April 2025

    Abstract This study investigates the heat transfer and flow dynamics of a ternary hybrid nanofluid comprising alumina, copper, and silica/titania nanoparticles dispersed in water. The analysis considers the effects of suction, magnetic field, and Joule heating over a permeable shrinking disk. A mathematical model is developed and converted to a system of differential equations using similarity transformation which then, solved numerically using the bvp4c solver in Matlab software. The study introduces a novel comparative analysis of alumina-copper-silica and alumina-copper-titania nanofluids, revealing distinct thermal conductivity behaviors and identifying critical suction values necessary for flow stabilization. Dual solutions… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Flow Boiling Heat Transfer and Pressure Gradient of R410A in Micro-Channel Flat Tubes at 25°C and 30°C

    Bo Yu1,2, Yuye Luo3, Luyao Guo4, Long Huang4,*

    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 553-575, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.062851 - 25 April 2025

    Abstract This study investigates the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient and pressure gradient of refrigerant R410A in micro-channel flat tubes. Experiments were conducted at saturation temperatures ranging from 25°C to 30°C, mass fluxes between 198 and 305 kg/m2s, and heat fluxes from 9.77 to 20.18 kW/m2, yielding 99 sets of local heat transfer coefficient data. The results show that increasing heat flux and mass flux enhances the heat transfer coefficient, although the rate of enhancement decreases with increasing vapor quality. Conversely, higher saturation temperatures slightly reduce the heat transfer coefficient. Additionally, the experimental findings reveal discrepancies in More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Numerical Study on Natural Circulation System under Various Cooling Mediums

    Yumei Lv1, Wei Dai2, Shupeng Xie1, Peng Hu1,*, Fei He1,*

    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 397-420, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.062781 - 25 April 2025

    Abstract Aiming at the global design issue of transpiration cooling thermal protection system, a self-driven circulation loop is proposed as the internal coolant flow passage for the transpiration cooling structure to achieve adaptive cooling. To enhance the universality of this internal cooling pipe design and facilitate its application, numerical studies are conducted on this system with four commonly used cooling mediums as coolant. Firstly, the accuracy of the numerical method is verified through an established experimental platform. Then, transient numerical simulations are performed on the flow states of different cooling mediums in the new self-circulation system. More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Experimental and Numerical Study on Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Rectangular Channels with Leaf-Shaped Pin Fins

    Chao Zhang1, Runze Yan1, Honghui Li1, Qingheng Tang1, Qinghai Zhao1,2,*

    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 421-440, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.061469 - 25 April 2025

    Abstract The growing need for enhanced heat dissipation is compelling the development of more effective heat exchangers. Innovation inspired by nature bionics, four types of leaf-shaped pin fins were proposed and four combinations of them were considered. The leaf-shaped design of the cooling pin fin enhances uniformity and synergy, effectively creating an optimized flow path that boosts cooling performance. Eight three-dimensional conjugate heat transfer models in staggered arrangement were developed using ANSYS-Fluent software. Aluminum 6061 material was used as the heat sink material and single-phase liquid water flowed through the rectangular channel where the Reynolds (Re) number… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Conjugate Usage of Experimental for and Theoretical Models Aqua Carboxymethyl Cellulose Nanofluid Flow in Convergent-Divergent Shaped Microchannel

    Shervin Fateh Khanshir1, Saeed Dinarvand2,*, Ramtin Fateh Khanshir3

    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 663-684, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.060559 - 25 April 2025

    Abstract This article aims to model and analyze the heat and fluid flow characteristics of a carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nanofluid within a convergent-divergent shaped microchannel (Two-dimensional). The base fluid, water + CMC (0.5%), is mixed with CuO and Al2O3 nanoparticles at volume fractions of 0.5% and 1.5%, respectively. The research is conducted through the conjugate usage of experimental and theoretical models to represent more realistic properties of the non-Newtonian nanofluid. Three types of microchannels including straight, divergent, and convergent are considered, all having the same length and identical inlet cross-sectional area. Using ANSYS FLUENT software, Navier-Stokes equations… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    On Heat Transfer in Oblique Stagnation Point Nanofluid Flow with Temperature Dependent Viscosity

    Rabail Tabassum1, M. Kamran1, Khalil Ur Rehman2,*, Wasfi Shatanawi2,3, Rashid Mehmood4

    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.2, pp. 577-599, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.059466 - 25 April 2025

    Abstract This study aims to elucidate the connection between the shape factor of GO (graphene oxide) nanoparticles and the behavior of blood-based non-aligned, 2-dimensional, incompressible nanofluid flow near stagnation point, under the influence of temperature-dependent viscosity. Appropriate similarity transformations are employed to transform the non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs) into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The governing equations are subsequently resolved by utilizing the shooting method. The modified Maxwell model is used to estimate the thermal efficiency of the nanofluid affected by different nanoparticle shapes. The impact of various shapes of GO nanoparticles on the velocity and… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    A review on pathobiology of circulating tumour plasma cells: The sine qua non of poor prognosis in plasma cell neoplasms

    PRATIBHA SUKU1, AISHWARYA DASH1, ARAVIND RADHAKRISHNAN1, PANKAJ MALHOTRA2, MAN UPDESH SINGH SACHDEVA1,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.33, No.5, pp. 1055-1068, 2025, DOI:10.32604/or.2024.055154 - 18 April 2025

    Abstract Circulating plasma cells (CPCs) in patients of plasma cell neoplasm have been an area of intense research in recent decades. Circulating tumor plasma cells (CTPCs) might represent a sub-clone of tumor cells that have exited into peripheral blood as a result of the dynamic interactions between the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment and neoplastic plasma cells. Chemokine receptors like chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and integrins are known to play a role in homing and migration of plasma cells (PCs). The hypoxic microenvironment in the BM niche also contributes to their circulation through various mechanisms. In addition,… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    DDT-Net: Deep Detail Tracking Network for Image Tampering Detection

    Jim Wong1,2, Zhaoxiang Zang3,*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.83, No.2, pp. 3451-3469, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.061006 - 16 April 2025

    Abstract In the field of image forensics, image tampering detection is a critical and challenging task. Traditional methods based on manually designed feature extraction typically focus on a specific type of tampering operation, which limits their effectiveness in complex scenarios involving multiple forms of tampering. Although deep learning-based methods offer the advantage of automatic feature learning, current approaches still require further improvements in terms of detection accuracy and computational efficiency. To address these challenges, this study applies the U-Net 3+ model to image tampering detection and proposes a hybrid framework, referred to as DDT-Net (Deep Detail… More >

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