Mingyu Lee¹, Jiho Shin², Jung Taek Seo^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.77, No.2, pp. 2427-2442, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.041774

Abstract Cyberattacks targeting industrial control systems (ICS) are becoming more sophisticated and advanced than in the past. A programmable logic controller (PLC), a core component of ICS, controls and monitors sensors and actuators in the field. However, PLC has memory attack threats such as program injection and manipulation, which has long been a major target for attackers, and it is important to detect these attacks for ICS security. To detect PLC memory attacks, a security system is required to acquire and monitor PLC memory directly. In addition, the performance impact of the security system on the PLC makes it difficult to… More >

Ke Ni¹, Zhengzhi Wang^1,2,3,*

The International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering and Sciences, Vol.25, No.4, pp. 1-2, 2023, DOI:10.32604/icces.2023.09248

Abstract Stimuli-responsive micropillar structures that can perform dynamics and reversible deformations according to external stimuli have been applied in a wide spectrum of fields, including object manipulation, soft miniature robots, and functional surfaces. However, it remains a challenge to exhibit programmable actuation behaviors for applications that require on-demand deformation response. Herein, a two-step photomask-assisted template casting technique is developed to fabricate a hybrid magnetic micropillar array for programmable actuation. By modulating the spatial distribution of the magnetic nanoparticles within the elastomer micropillars, the bending deformations of the micropillars with different particle distributions can vary near one order of magnitude under the… More >

Ameen Bin Obadi¹, Alaa El-Din Hussein², Samir Salem Al-Bawri^3,4,*, Kabir Hossain⁵, Abdullah Abdulhameed⁴, Muzammil Jusoh^1,6,7, Thennarasan Sabapathy^1,6, Ahmed Jamal Abdullah Al-Gburi⁸, Mahmoud A. Albreem⁹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.74, No.3, pp. 5885-5900, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.033789

Abstract This article presents an integrated current mode configurable analog block (CAB) system for field-programmable analog array (FPAA). The proposed architecture is based on the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistor level design where MOSFET transistors operating in the saturation region are adopted. The proposed CAB architecture is designed to implement six of the widely used current mode operations in analog processing systems: addition, subtraction, integration, multiplication, division, and pass operation. The functionality of the proposed CAB is demonstrated through these six operations, where each operation is chosen based on the user’s selection in the CAB interface system. The architecture of the… More >

S. Rooban^1,*, A. Yamini Naga Ratnam¹, M. V. S. Ramprasad², N. Subbulakshmi³, R. Uma Mageswari⁴

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.73, No.3, pp. 5169-5184, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.027974

Abstract Advanced technology used for arithmetic computing application, comprises greater number of approximate multipliers and approximate adders. Truncation and Rounding-based Scalable Approximate Multiplier (TRSAM) distinguish a variety of modes based on height (h) and truncation (t) as TRSAM (h, t) in the architecture. This TRSAM operation produces higher absolute error in Least Significant Bit (LSB) data shift unit. A new scalable approximate multiplier approach that uses truncation and rounding TRSAM (3, 7) is proposed to increase the multiplier accuracy. With the help of foremost one bit architecture, the proposed scalable approximate multiplier approach reduces the partial products. The proposed approximate TRSAM… More >

Ishu Tomar^*, Indu Sreedevi, Neeta Pandey

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.35, No.2, pp. 1403-1421, 2023, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2023.028163

Abstract This paper proposes to adopt SCADA and PLC technology for the improvement of the performance of real time signaling & train control systems in metro railways. The main concern of this paper is to minimize the failure in automated metro railways system operator and integrate the information coming from Operational Control Centre (OCC), traction SCADA system, traction power control, and power supply system. This work presents a simulated prototype of an automated metro train system operator that uses PLC and SCADA for the real time monitoring and control of the metro railway systems. Here, SCADA is used for the visualization… More >

C. Ajitha^1,*, T. Jaya²

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.34, No.2, pp. 1033-1048, 2022, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2022.021984

Abstract Multicarrier waveforms with enhanced spectral efficiency, low latency, and high throughput are required for 5G wireless networks. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) method is well-known in research, but due to its limited spectral efficiency, various alternative waveforms are being considered for 5G systems. In the recent communication world, NOMA (non-orthogonal multiple access) plays a significant part due to its wider transmission of data with less bandwidth allocation. Even if a high data rate can be attained, the transmission problem will arise due to the spread of multiple paths. In order to reduce complexity and area utilization, a novel PL-based… More >

Sha Li^1,2, Qiao Meng^1,*, Irfan Tariq¹, Xi Chen³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.72, No.3, pp. 6079-6090, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.027404

Abstract This article presents a high speed third-order continuous-time (CT) sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (SDADC) based on voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), featuring a digital programmable quantizer structure. To improve the overall performance, not only oversampling technique but also noise-shaping enhancing technique is used to suppress in-band noise. Due to the intrinsic first-order noise-shaping of the VCO quantizer, the proposed third-order SDADC can realize forth-order noise-shaping ideally. As a bright advantage, the proposed programmable VCO quantizer is digital-friendly, which can simplify the design process and improve anti-interference capability of the circuit. A 4-bit programmable VCO quantizer clocked at 2.5 GHz, which is proposed in a… More >

Van-Phuong Ta^*, Dinh-Nhon Truong, Nguyen-Thanh Nhan

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.32, No.3, pp. 1605-1615, 2022, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2022.022374

Abstract Water Distribution System (WDS) is one of the important phases of the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) and plays a crucial role in plant, animal, and human life. The WDS aims not only to supply a continuous, stable water amount but also to reduce energy consumption as little as possible during operation. To keep the continuous, stable water amount, the water pressure in the pipe network of the WDS must be maintained at desired set points under the effecting of uncertainties, disturbances, and noises. For saving the energy requirement, a Variable Frequency Driver (VFD) was utilized to control the speed of… More >

P. N. Palanisamy^*, N. Malmurugan

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.1, pp. 791-808, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.019921

Abstract In recent years, deep neural networks have become a fascinating and influential research subject, and they play a critical role in video processing and analytics. Since, video analytics are predominantly hardware centric, exploration of implementing the deep neural networks in the hardware needs its brighter light of research. However, the computational complexity and resource constraints of deep neural networks are increasing exponentially by time. Convolutional neural networks are one of the most popular deep learning architecture especially for image classification and video analytics. But these algorithms need an efficient implement strategy for incorporating more real time computations in terms of… More >

Joo-Chan Lee¹, Hyun-Pyo Choi¹, Jang-Hoon Kim¹, Jun-Won Kim¹, Da-Un Jung¹, Ji-Ho Shin¹, Jung-Taek Seo^{1, *}

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.65, No.1, pp. 53-67, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.011251

Abstract Cyberattacks on the Industrial Control System (ICS) have recently been increasing, made more intelligent by advancing technologies. As such, cybersecurity for such systems is attracting attention. As a core element of control devices, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) in an ICS carries out on-site control over the ICS. A cyberattack on the PLC will cause damages on the overall ICS, with Stuxnet and Duqu as the most representative cases. Thus, cybersecurity for PLCs is considered essential, and many researchers carry out a variety of analyses on the vulnerabilities of PLCs as part of preemptive efforts against attacks. In this study,… More >