Chunhui Li^1,2, Xiaoying Wang^1,2,*, Qingjie Zhang^1,2, Jiaye Liang¹, Aijing Zhang¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.1, pp. 645-674, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.058081 - 03 January 2025

Abstract Previous studies have shown that deep learning is very effective in detecting known attacks. However, when facing unknown attacks, models such as Deep Neural Networks (DNN) combined with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) combined with LSTM, and so on are built by simple stacking, which has the problems of feature loss, low efficiency, and low accuracy. Therefore, this paper proposes an autonomous detection model for Distributed Denial of Service attacks, Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network-Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Units-Single Headed Attention (MSCNN-BiGRU-SHA), which is based on a Multi-strategy Integrated Zebra Optimization Algorithm (MI-ZOA). The… More >

Xianju Gao^*, Huachun Zhou, Weilin Wang, Jingfu Yan

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.49, pp. 19-48, 2025, DOI:10.32604/csse.2024.058327 - 03 January 2025

Abstract The network security knowledge base standardizes and integrates network security data, providing a reliable foundation for real-time network security protection solutions. However, current research on network security knowledge bases mainly focuses on their construction, while the potential to optimize intelligent security services for real-time network security protection requires further exploration. Therefore, how to effectively utilize the vast amount of historical knowledge in the field of network security and establish a feedback mechanism to update it in real time, thereby enhancing the detection capability of security services against malicious traffic, has become an important issue. Our… More >

Kithmini Godewatte Arachchige¹, Mohsin Murtaza², Chi-Tsun Cheng², Bader M. Albahlal^3,*, Cheng-Chi Lee^4,5,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.3, pp. 3679-3705, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.059378 - 19 December 2024

Abstract Information security has emerged as a crucial consideration over the past decade due to escalating cyber security threats, with Internet of Things (IoT) security gaining particular attention due to its role in data communication across various industries. However, IoT devices, typically low-powered, are susceptible to cyber threats. Conversely, blockchain has emerged as a robust solution to secure these devices due to its decentralised nature. Nevertheless, the fusion of blockchain and IoT technologies is challenging due to performance bottlenecks, network scalability limitations, and blockchain-specific security vulnerabilities. Blockchain, on the other hand, is a recently emerged information… More >

Jehad Ali^1,*, Mohammed J. F. Alenazi²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.3, pp. 4015-4032, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.058480 - 19 December 2024

Abstract The controller is a main component in the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) framework, which plays a significant role in enabling programmability and orchestration for 5G and next-generation networks. In SDN, frequent communication occurs between network switches and the controller, which manages and directs traffic flows. If the controller is not strategically placed within the network, this communication can experience increased delays, negatively affecting network performance. Specifically, an improperly placed controller can lead to higher end-to-end (E2E) delay, as switches must traverse more hops or encounter greater propagation delays when communicating with the controller. This paper introduces… More >

Adisa Hasković Džubur^*, Samir Čaušević, Belma Memić, Muhamed Begović, Elma Avdagić-Golub, Alem Čolaković

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.1, pp. 1059-1084, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.055386 - 15 October 2024

Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are characterized by heterogeneous traffic types (audio, video, data) and diverse application traffic requirements. This paper introduces three traffic classes following the defined model of heterogeneous traffic differentiation in WSNs. The requirements for each class regarding sensitivity to QoS (Quality of Service) parameters, such as loss, delay, and jitter, are described. These classes encompass real-time and delay-tolerant traffic. Given that QoS evaluation is a multi-criteria decision-making problem, we employed the AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) method for multi-criteria optimization. As a result of this approach, we derived weight values for different traffic… More >

Khawaja Tahir Mehmood^1,2,*, Shahid Atiq¹, Intisar Ali Sajjad³, Muhammad Majid Hussain⁴, Malik M. Abdul Basit²

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.141, No.2, pp. 1673-1708, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2024.053903 - 27 September 2024

Abstract Software-Defined Networking (SDN), with segregated data and control planes, provides faster data routing, stability, and enhanced quality metrics, such as throughput (T_h), maximum available bandwidth (B_d(max)), data transfer (D_Transfer), and reduction in end-to-end delay (D_(E-E)). This paper explores the critical work of deploying SDN in large­scale Data Center Networks (DCNs) to enhance its Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, using logically distributed control configurations. There is a noticeable increase in Delay_(E-E) when adopting SDN with a unified (single) control structure in big DCNs to handle Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requests causing a reduction in network quality parameters (B_d(max), T_h, D_Transfer, D_(E-E),… More > Graphic Abstract

Talal H. Noor^*

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.48, No.5, pp. 1273-1299, 2024, DOI:10.32604/csse.2024.052510 - 13 September 2024

Abstract In recent years, container-based cloud virtualization solutions have emerged to mitigate the performance gap between non-virtualized and virtualized physical resources. However, there is a noticeable absence of techniques for predicting microservice performance in current research, which impacts cloud service users’ ability to determine when to provision or de-provision microservices. Predicting microservice performance poses challenges due to overheads associated with actions such as variations in processing time caused by resource contention, which potentially leads to user confusion. In this paper, we propose, develop, and validate a probabilistic architecture named Microservice Performance Diagnosis and Prediction (MPDP). MPDP… More >

Wanwei Huang^1,*, Qiancheng Zhang¹, Tao Liu², Yaoli Xu¹, Dalei Zhang³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.3, pp. 4875-4893, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.055622 - 12 September 2024

Abstract Aiming at the rapid growth of network services, which leads to the problems of long service request processing time and high deployment cost in the deployment of network function virtualization service function chain (SFC) under 5G networks, this paper proposes a multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient optimization algorithm for SFC deployment (MADDPG-SD). Initially, an optimization model is devised to enhance the request acceptance rate, minimizing the latency and deploying the cost SFC is constructed for the network resource-constrained case. Subsequently, we model the dynamic problem as a Markov decision process (MDP), facilitating adaptation to the… More >

Ali Asghar^1,#, Amna Shifa^2,#, Mamoona Naveed Asghar^2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.3, pp. 3591-3635, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.054654 - 12 September 2024

Abstract Videos represent the most prevailing form of digital media for communication, information dissemination, and monitoring. However, their widespread use has increased the risks of unauthorised access and manipulation, posing significant challenges. In response, various protection approaches have been developed to secure, authenticate, and ensure the integrity of digital videos. This study provides a comprehensive survey of the challenges associated with maintaining the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of video content, and examining how it can be manipulated. It then investigates current developments in the field of video security by exploring two critical research questions. First, it… More >

Turki Ali Alghamdi, Saud S. Alotaibi^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.80, No.3, pp. 4047-4064, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.052796 - 12 September 2024

Abstract Internet of Things (IoTs) provides better solutions in various fields, namely healthcare, smart transportation, home, etc. Recognizing Denial of Service (DoS) outbreaks in IoT platforms is significant in certifying the accessibility and integrity of IoT systems. Deep learning (DL) models outperform in detecting complex, non-linear relationships, allowing them to effectually severe slight deviations from normal IoT activities that may designate a DoS outbreak. The uninterrupted observation and real-time detection actions of DL participate in accurate and rapid detection, permitting proactive reduction events to be executed, hence securing the IoT network’s safety and functionality. Subsequently, this… More >