Open Access
ARTICLE
Oncological outcomes of I125 low dose brachytherapy in localized prostate cancer
Gilberto Chéchile Toniolo1, Nuria Jornet1,*, Jady Rojas1, Natalia Tejedor1, Santiago Carrara1, Alicia Maccagno2, Teresa Brufau1
1 Instituto Médico Tecnológico and Prostate Institute, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
2 Statistics Department, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
* Corresponding Author: Nuria Jornet. Email: 
Canadian Journal of Urology https://doi.org/10.32604/cju.2026.069182
Received 17 June 2025; Accepted 22 December 2025; Published online 14 January 2026
Abstract
Background: Low-dose rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy is a recommended treatment of localized prostate cancer in current guidelines. The study aimed to determine biochemical relapse-free survival (BRFS) in patients treated with dynamic real-time low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy using Iodine 125 (I125). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 499 patients with localized prostate cancer treated with I125 LDR real-time brachytherapy between 2003 and 2021. The mean patient age was 65 years (range: 45–84 years). Based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk classification, 230 patients (46.1%) were categorized as low risk, 235 (47.1%) as intermediate risk, and 34 (6.8%) as high risk. Gleason scores were distributed as follows: 3+3 in 283 cases (56.7%), 3+4 in 157 cases (31.5%), 4+3 in 46 cases (9.2%), and 4+4 in 13 cases (2.6%). The mean follow-up was 70.5 months. Results: Tumor relapse was observed in 47 patients (9.4%) over a mean follow-up period of 6.26 years (SD 4.16). Local recurrence within the prostate occurred in 20 cases (4%). Patients with nadir PSA <0.2 ng/mL at 5 years of follow-up had a significantly lower incidence of tumor recurrence (3%) compared to those with a nadir PSA >0.2 ng/mL (21.9%) (p = 0.0001). Biochemical relapse-free (BRFS) rates at 5, 10 and 15 years were 96%, 91.5% and 88.9%, respectively. When stratified by NCCCN risk groups, 5-year BRFS was 96% in low risk, 98% in intermediate risk and 85% in high risk patients (p = 0.003). In multivariate analysis, only age at the time of brachytherapy (p = 0.009), initial PSA (p = 0.007) and Gleason grade (p = 0.007) were significantly associated with tumor recurrence. Cancer-specific survival and overall survival were 99.8% and 98.0%, respectively Conclusions: LDR with I125 has excellent long-term oncological outcomes for patients with low and intermediate-risk prostate cancer, in particular, patients achieving a nadir PSA <0.2 ng/mL at 5 years post-treatment.
Keywords
prostate cancer; brachytherapy; low-dose-rate brachytherapy; Iodine125; oncological outcomes; recurrence-free survival; prostate cancer-specific survival
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