Open Access

EDITORIAL

Zhihong Lv, Yong Xu, Xingkang Jiang^*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 1-2, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.079600 - 28 February 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advancing Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions)
Abstract This article has no abstract. More >

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LEGENDS IN UROLOGY

Kevin R. Loughlin
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 3-6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.079368 - 28 February 2026
Abstract This article has no abstract. More >

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REVIEW

Qiang Li¹, Lan Wu², Yi Zhang¹, Di Huang³, Song Ou-Yang¹, Jia-Yu Yang³, Bing-Hui Li^3,*, Xian-Tao Zeng^1,3,4,5,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 7-20, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.076741 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Objective: Current research highlights periodontal disease as a systemic inflammatory condition that may influence extra-oral diseases such as prostatic diseases, which prompted us to explore the potential association. To evaluate whether periodontal disease is associated with an increased risk of prostatic disease, including prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostatitis. Methods: A systematic search of observational studies concerning the relationship between periodontal disease and prostatic disease was performed in online databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, CENTRAL, CNKI, and WanFang. Searches were conducted from database inception to 31 July 2025. Pooled hazard ratio… More >

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REVIEW

Jonathon Carll^1,2,3,*, Jacinta Bonaddio¹, Dixon Woon^1,4,5, Marlon Perera^1,4,5,6, Nathan Lawrentschuk^2,3,5,6, Thilakavathi Chengodu^1,3
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 21-34, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.068908 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a surface membrane antigen that is highly overexpressed in prostate cancer, with heterogenous expression throughout the natural history of the disease. This has generated significant interest as a potential biomarker for use in early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. We reviewed the literature surrounding PSMA and its current clinical applications in diagnosing and managing early prostate cancer that is confined to the prostate and local lymph nodes. A search on PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science was performed using the following keywords: “PSMA”, “Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen”, “Prostate cancer”,… More >

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REVIEW

Mingwei Zhan^1,#, Zhaokai Zhou^2,#, Jianpeng Zhang^3,#, Xin Wang⁴, Canxuan Li⁵, Bochen Pan⁶, Zhanyang Luo⁷, Wenjie Shi⁸, Yongjie Wang⁹, Minglun Li¹⁰, Weizhuo Wang^11,*, Run Shi^12,*, Jingyu Zhu^1,13,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 35-49, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.076084 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the diagnostic landscape of malignant tumors in the urinary system, including prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). By integrating imaging, pathology, and molecular data, AI enhances the precision and reproducibility of tumor detection, grading, and risk stratification. In prostate cancer, AI-assisted multiparametric Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and digital pathology systems improve lesion localization and Gleason scoring. For bladder cancer, deep learning-based cystoscopy and radiomics models from Computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (CT/MRI) enable real-time lesion segmentation and non-invasive biomarker prediction, such as Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. More >

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REVIEW

Soukaina Azil^1,2,*, Yassmine Louanjli², Noureddine Louanjli², Moncef Benkhalifa³, Bouchra Ghazi^1,4,5
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 51-62, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.069420 - 28 February 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances and Challenges In Male Infertility: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Applications)
Abstract Mammalian fertilization involves the migration of spermatozoa through the female reproductive system. Early embryonic development is a consequence of several steps and signaling pathways being activated, as well as biochemical and morphological modifications of spermatozoa that enable them to penetrate the membrane of mature oocytes.
There are some crucial steps known to clearly explain the process of fertilization, starting with hyperactivation of spermatozoa, mutual recognition, and binding of gametes mediated by receptors located on the surface membranes of both gametes. The final step is followed by oocyte activation, which is primarily triggered via sperm-derived factors, inducing a More >

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REVIEW

Liang Dong^1,#, Jialu Xin^1,#, Jingyi Zhang², Zheng Liu², Junjun Li^3,*, Xujun Yu^1,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 63-74, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.068263 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Varicocele (VC) is widely recognized as a prevalent and clinically significant cause of male infertility. However, the comprehensive pathogenic mechanisms underlying VC development and progression remain incompletely understood, creating an important knowledge gap in the field of andrology. This review establishes that VC pathogenesis centers on abnormal vascular remodeling and integrates multiple contributing elements, including anatomical abnormalities, biochemical disturbances, genetic factors, low body mass index (BMI), age, and specific sports habits, while secondary varicoceles are primarily induced by compressive pathologies. Through a systematic synthesis of current evidence and recent advances, this review aims to elucidate More >

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HOW I DO IT

Christian Gozzi¹, Bruno Bucca^2,*, Orietta Dalpiaz³, Aldo Brassetti⁴, Luca Matteo Gobbi², Greta Basile², Miroslav Djordjevic^5,6
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 75-82, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.068035 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Overview: Surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) has evolved significantly, incorporating various minimally invasive procedures aimed at reducing morbidity and optimizing patient outcomes. Despite advancements, transurethral approaches continue to pose risks such as urethral strictures and urinary incontinence due to mechanical and thermal stress. To address these limitations, the Suprapubic Transvesical Adenoma Resection of the Prostate (STAR-P) was developed, offering a direct suprapubic route that bypasses the urethra entirely. Recent studies have validated STAR-P as both feasible and safe, emphasizing advantages such as enhanced visualization of the urinary sphincter, minimized urethral trauma, effective hemostasis,… More >

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ARTICLE

Eva Donck^1,*, Sofie Verbeke², Pieter De Visschere³, Valérie Fonteyne⁴, Charles Van Praet¹, Kathia De Man⁵, Nicolaas Lumen¹
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 83-92, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.068589 - 28 February 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Molecular Imaging and Targeted Therapies for Prostate Cancer)
Abstract Objectives: PSMA PET/CT (Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography) offers improved accuracy in detecting lymph node invasion (LNI) in prostate cancer (PC) patients, potentially reducing the need for extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND). This study aims to evaluate a patient-tailored care pathway in which ePLND is performed only in patients with unfavorable intermediate- or high-risk PC who are deemed at risk for LNI based on PSMA PET/CT findings. Methods: In this interventional cohort study, 81 patients were managed according to the new care pathway. ePLND was omitted in cases of negative PSMA PET/CT… More >

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602

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128

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ARTICLE

Gilberto Chéchile Toniolo¹, Nuria Jornet^1,*, Jady Rojas¹, Natalia Tejedor¹, Santiago Carrara¹, Alicia Maccagno², Teresa Brufau¹
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 93-103, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.069182 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Background: Low-dose rate (LDR) prostate brachytherapy is a recommended treatment of localized prostate cancer in current guidelines. The study aimed to determine biochemical relapse-free survival (BRFS) in patients treated with dynamic real-time low-dose rate (LDR) brachytherapy using Iodine 125 (I¹²⁵). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 499 patients with localized prostate cancer treated with I¹²⁵ LDR real-time brachytherapy between 2003 and 2021. The mean patient age was 65 years (range: 45–84 years). Based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk classification, 230 patients (46.1%) were categorized as low risk, 235 (47.1%) as intermediate risk, and 34 (6.8%)… More >

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40

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REVIEW

Bara Barakat^1,*, Bilal Al-Absi¹, Boris Hadaschik², Christian Rehme², Samer Schakaki³, Joerg Bauer¹
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 105-116, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.071284 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Background: Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted three-dimensional (3D) surgical platforms, integrated with augmented reality, have the potential to improve intraoperative anatomical recognition and provide surgeons with an immersive, dynamic operating environment during uro-oncological procedures. This review aims to examine the current applications of AI in robotic uro-oncology, with a particular focus on its role in facilitating intraoperative navigation during complex surgeries. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed across PubMed, the National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies published up to July 2025.… More >

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ARTICLE

Gianluca Spena¹, Francesco Passaro¹, Achille Aveta¹, Roberto Contieri^1,*, Alessandro Izzo¹, Giuseppe Quarto¹, Giovanni Grimaldi¹, Luigi Castaldo¹, Dario Franzese¹, Raffaele Muscariello¹, Savio Domenico Pandolfo², Antonio Tufano³, Sisto Perdonà¹
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 117-123, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.068026 - 28 February 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Prostate Cancer: Biomarkers, Diagnosis and Treatment)
Abstract Background: The Da Vinci Single-Port Robotic System (Da Vinci-SP), introduced by Intuitive (CA, USA) in 2018 in the USA and in 2024 in Europe, integrates advanced features like a flexible camera and articulating instruments. It has garnered significant interest in urology. Our report presents the first described European series of Radical Prostatectomies using the Da Vinci SP at the leading Italian center, Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Napoli, IRCCS “G. Pascale” Foundation, detailing the technical differences and challenges faced by experienced multiport robotic surgeons. Methods: Sixteen patients have been enrolled and underwent Single-Port (SP) Robot-Assisted Radical… More >

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487

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102

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ARTICLE

Dorian Dikov¹, Maria Koleva^2,*, Kiril Simitchiev³, Anelia Bivolarska⁴, Albena Fakirova⁵, Victoria Sarafian^6,7
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 125-134, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.068575 - 28 February 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Prostate Cancer: Biomarkers, Diagnosis and Treatment)
Abstract Background: Chronic inflammation is closely associated with the most common and socially significant prostate conditions, including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostate cancer (PCa), and prostatitis syndromes. NIH-category IV prostatitis (histologic prostatitis, HP) is defined as asymptomatic chronic inflammation of the prostate. The presence of lymphoid follicles, referred to as tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), along with benign lympho-epithelial lesions (BLELs), is among the key histological indicators of immune inflammation and can be assessed relatively easily. This study aimed to quantitatively assess TLSs and BLELs, as well as their relationship with the severity of HP. Methods: We… More >

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96

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ARTICLE

Shlomi Barak¹, Netanel Waldenberg¹, Aharon Peretz², Reut Bartoov¹, Guy Bar¹, Snir Dekalo^3,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 135-142, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.066936 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Background: Hormonal treatment and response as a predictor of sperm retrieval prior to microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) are not well established in the current literature. This study aimed to investigate the hormonal response as a predictor of sperm retrieval among men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). Methods: Seventy-seven consecutive patients who had testosterone levels ≤ 14 nmol/L were treated medically with an aromatase inhibitor or recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin (rec-hCG) prior to micro-TESE and were included. Thirty-four (44.2%) had unexplained NOA (UNEX), 25 (32.5%) had Klinefelter syndrome (KS), 8 (10.4%) had a history of cryptorchidism… More >

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415

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143

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ARTICLE

Yingxiu Chen¹, Zhongyu Ren¹, Jiasheng Yan², Yang Yu^1,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 143-154, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.069041 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Objectives: Postmenopausal women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) exhibit low androgen expression. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vaginal androgen combined with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in the treatment of SUI in postmenopausal women. Methods: Postmenopausal women with SUI were recruited from Hainan West Central Hospital between January 2024 and March 2025. Participants were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to receive either vaginal androgen cream combined with PFMT (treatment group) or a visually identical placebo cream (without androgens) combined with PFMT (control group). The vaginal cream was applied to… More >

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483

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171

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ARTICLE

Abdelkader Akkad, Franck Bruyere, Ali Bourgi^*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 155-163, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.069546 - 28 February 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Diagnosis and Management of Bladder Cancer: From Molecular Insights to Therapeutic Innovations)
Abstract Objectives: Uretero-enteric strictures are feared complications following cystectomy. Despite surgical advancements, particularly the rise of robot-assisted approaches, the risk factors associated with these strictures remain poorly defined. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with uretero-enteric anastomotic strictures after cystectomy, according to the surgical approach and type of urinary diversion (extracorporeal vs. intracorporeal). Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective study including 340 patients who underwent cystectomy between 2016 and 2024 at Tours University Hospital. Clinical, biological, perioperative, and postoperative data were analyzed. The occurrence of a uretero-ileal anastomotic stricture was defined radiologically by… More >

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649

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178

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ARTICLE

Abdullah Esmeray, Huseyin Burak Yazili^*, Mucahit Gelmis, Nazim Furkan Gunay, Caglar Dizdaroglu, Faruk Ozgor, Yasar Pazir, Ufuk Caglar
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 165-171, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.069657 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Objectives: Supracostal access during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) increases the risk of pulmonary complications. Although routine postoperative thoracic imaging is commonly performed to detect these events, its clinical necessity remains controversial. This study aimed to assess the necessity of routine postoperative thoracic imaging for detecting pulmonary complications in patients undergoing supracostal mini percutaneous nephrolithotomy (m-PCNL) surgery. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from patients who underwent supracostal m-PCNL between 2017 and 2022 in a tertiary center. Excluding patients under 18, with kidney/skeletal anomalies, or active thoracic disease, 112 eligible patients were included. Patients were… More >

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ARTICLE

Skander Zouari^1,*, Flora Barthe¹, Arnoult Morrone¹, Lionel Mendel², Imad Bentellis², Louis Vignot¹, Romain Haider¹, Younes Ahallal¹, Daniel Chevallier¹, Matthieu Durand^1,3
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 173-184, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.064281 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Background: Inflatable Penile Prosthesis (IPP) is the treatment for erectile dysfunction (ED) refractory to pharmacological therapies. Long-term data on factors associated with prosthesis survival remain unclear. This study aimed to analyze the long-term survival of penile prostheses and identify risk factors associated with survival without reintervention. Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center study of patients who underwent IPP implantation between January 2014 and December 2022. Preoperative data related to the patient and the etiology of ED, as well as perioperative data, were collected. The primary outcome was survival without reintervention, defined as prosthesis revision or… More >

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CASE REPORT

Marco Di Mitri^1,2,*, Edoardo Collautti^1,2, Cristian Bisanti³, Andrea Zulli¹, Alberto Mantovani¹, Annalisa Di Carmine³, Michelangelo Baldazzi⁴, Roberto Lo Piccolo¹, Riccardo Coletta^1,5, Lorenzo Masieri⁶, Mario Lima³
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 185-192, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.067303 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Background: Double blind-ending ureter (DBU) is an extremely rare congenital anomaly involving a duplicated ureter with no connection to the renal pelvis or bladder, making diagnosis difficult. Case Description: A 10-year-old girl presented with recurrent abdominal pain and ultrasound evidence of left hydroureteronephrosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction revealed a 30 cm blind-ending ureter. Robotic-assisted excision (Da Vinci Xi) was performed safely, preserving adjacent structures. Histology confirmed a nonfunctional ureteral remnant. Conclusions: DBU is a rare duplication variant. Advanced imaging and robotic surgery are essential for accurate diagnosis and effective, minimally invasive treatment. More >

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272

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CASE REPORT

Mustufa Babar^1,*, Farooz Babar², Noah Hawks-Ladds³, Justin Loloi⁴, Michael Ciatto⁵
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 193-199, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.066654 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Background: Prostate cancer is a common malignancy, with many men on active surveillance for localized, low-risk disease also experiencing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Water Vapor Thermal Therapy (WVTT) is a minimally invasive BPH treatment, but its safety and efficacy in this setting are unclear. Case Description: We report three men with localized PCa on active surveillance who underwent WVTT for LUTS. Conclusions: WVTT appears safe and potentially effective in treating LUTS, especially in those with lower-risk disease and smaller prostate volumes. Further research is needed to confirm safety, efficacy, and More >

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CASE REPORT

Bo Yin^1,#, Xingyu Long^2,#, Zhi Wang¹, Feng Ning¹, Kan Wang², Jun He^1,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 201-210, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.067189 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Background: Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is a rare and highly aggressive pediatric renal malignancy with a marked propensity for metastatic spread. Cases of CCSK associated with inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombus (IVCTT) are exceptionally uncommon in the literature. We report a case of CCSK with IVCTT in a 15-month-old male infant. Case Description: We reported a case admitted in May 2020 for a 3-day history of fever and hematuria. Abdominal CT revealed an unevenly enhanced mass and low-density shadows within the IVC. The diagnosis of CCSK was confirmed via needle biopsy. The… More >

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CASE REPORT

Kursad Donmez^1,*, Enis Mert Yorulmaz², Enes Candemir², Serkan Ozcan², Osman Kose², Sacit Nuri Gorgel², Yigit Akin²
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 211-219, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.068294 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Background: Urologic cancers typically metastasize to common organs, while spread to sites such as the heart, hand, cranial bones, penis, or tonsil is exceedingly rare. The clinical relevance and prognostic impact of these unusual metastases remain unclear. This case series highlights six exceptional cases, providing unique insights to support awareness and management. Case Description: We retrospectively analyzed six cases of patients diagnosed with urologic cancers who developed metastases at uncommon sites. Each case was evaluated based on clinical presentation, imaging findings, histopathological confirmation, treatment course, and outcomes. Relevant literature was reviewed to contextualize findings. Among the… More >

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CASE REPORT

Léa Bollen^1,*, Stéphane Rysselinck², Jean-Philippe Salmin³, Gilles Dosin⁴
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 221-225, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.067192 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Background: Penile augmentation through injectable substances is becoming increasingly common. A growing number of aesthetic clinics are developing penile enlargement procedures using various injectable materials. Although these procedures are now performed in more controlled and medically supervised environments, their long-term outcomes remain poorly understood. The promotion of such medical treatments contributes to an increasing interest among adult males in self-injection as a method to alleviate psychological distress associated with penile size concerns. At the same time, access to injectable substances through unofficial or unregulated sources has become increasingly easy. Tor our knowledge, we report the… More >

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CASE REPORT

Marie-Lou Letouche^1,2,*, Aideen Madden^2,3, Mariela Corralles^2,3, Steeve Doizi^2,3, Olivier Traxer^2,3
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.1, pp. 227-232, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.067253 - 28 February 2026
Abstract Background: We present a case of two major complications following insertion of a nephrostomy managed in a minimally invasive way. Our case is the first in the literature to describe this minimally invasive treatment technique for colon perforation in a completely asymptomatic patient. Case Description: A 75-year-old female patient with a history of bilateral obstructive uropathy secondary to bilateral radiation-induced ureteric strictures attended for bilateral nephrostomy placement. The patient had a history of endometrial cancer, treated previously by total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy and brachytherapy. Her recovery had been further complicated by the… More >

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